Edward III , Edward III ( Eng. Edward III ; November 13, 1312 - June 21, 1377 ) - King of England since 1327 from the Plantagenet dynasty, son of King Edward II and Isabella of France , daughter of King Philip IV of France the Beautiful .
| Edward III | |||||||
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| English Edward iii | |||||||
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| Coronation | February 1, 1327 | ||||||
| Predecessor | Edward ii | ||||||
| Successor | Richard II | ||||||
| Birth | November 13, 1312 Windsor castle | ||||||
| Death | June 21, 1377 ( 64) Richmond | ||||||
| Burial place | Westminster Abbey , London | ||||||
| Kind | Plantagenets | ||||||
| Father | Edward ii | ||||||
| Mother | Isabella French | ||||||
| Spouse | Philippe Genenegau | ||||||
| Children | sons: Edward , William Hartfield, Lionel , John , Edmund , William Windsor and Thomas daughters: Isabella , John , Blanca, Maria , Margaret | ||||||
- For the play attributed to Marlo and Shakespeare, see Edward III (play)
Biography
Born in Windsor , for which he was nicknamed Windsor. He ascended the throne at the age of 15 as a result of the rebellion of the barons, led by his mother and Lord Roger Mortimer . After the execution of the main supporters of the former king of the Dispensers and the imprisonment of the king himself, the parliament elected the youngest of the two Edwards. But at the last moment, the young prince refused to accept the crown from the hands of parliament, saying that he would not ascend the throne until his father abdicated him. Edward II resisted for a long time, although he realized that the people and his own son hated him for sodomy and the transfer of power to the family of his lover Hugh Dispenser . Three bishops still managed to persuade the king to abdicate. Initially, management was carried out by the council of the nobility. Nominally, it was headed by Henry "The Curved Neck" , Earl of Lancaster , a cousin of Edward III. But really power was concentrated in the hands of Edward's mother, Isabella of France, and her lover Roger Mortimer. In 1330, Edward executed Mortimer and alienated his mother, after which he began to rule alone [1] .
At the instigation of the French deserter Robert d'Artois, Edward III began the Hundred Years War for the French throne, the rights to which he based on the origin of his mother Isabella from Philip the Beautiful. According to the Salic law introduced in France several years before the events described, women were forbidden both to inherit the crown and to transfer these rights to their descendants. But the English ruling house never recognized this law, as it was not unreasonably believed that it was adopted by Philip V solely for the purpose of usurping power. On January 26, 1340, he accepted the title of King of France (which he refused by peace agreement in Brittany on October 24, 1360 , but in 1369 the claims were renewed) [2] . Under Edward, thanks to the military talents of his son, the Prince of Wales ( Black Prince ), England won a number of major victories in France, and as a king he was quite popular, and his descendants (especially during the war of the Scarlet and White Roses ) generally tended to idealize him.
After the death in October 1347 of Ludwig of Bavaria , on the initiative of the Dukes of Wittelsbach , who were at war with his son and heir Charles IV , he was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire , but renounced the title .
He published the first statutes on workers and legalized the practice of convening parliament. He actively promoted the use of English in the work of parliament and courts. Edward III married in 1328 Philip de Aven (circa 1314–1369), daughter of William I the Good , Count de Hainaut , and Jeanne Valois , sister of the French King Philip VI . From this marriage, Edward had 12 children.
He died in the Sheen Palace in Richmond, and is buried in Westminster Abbey in London . Due to the fact that his eldest son Edward the Black Prince died during his father’s life, the successor to Edward III was his 10-year-old grandson, the son of the Black Prince Richard II [3] .
In April 1348, Edward III established the Order of the Garter , which exists to this day.
In art
- He is one of the characters in the books of the French writer Maurice Druon “French Wolf” and “Lily and the Lion” from the series “ Cursed Kings ”.
- Character of the novels “Countess of Salisbury” and “Edward III” by A. Dumas .
- He is one of the characters in the novel by A. C. Doyle " Sir Nigel Loring ."
Notes
- ↑ For an account of Edward II's later years, see: Fryde, NM The tyranny and fall of Edward II, 1321–1326 . - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. - ISBN 0-521-54806-3 .
- ↑ Agamov A.M. of the Dynasty of Europe 400-2016: The complete genealogy of sovereign houses. - M .: URSS, 2017 .-- S. 87 .-- 1120 p. - ISBN 978-5-9710-3935-8 .
- ↑ Maclagan, Michael. Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. - London: Macdonald and Co, 1981. - P. 17. - ISBN 0-85613-276-4 .
Literature
- Konskiy P.A. Edward III // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
Links
- Historical Documents at Vostlit.info - Edward III War Diary
- Eduard the Third English: two lives in one - Transfer of Natalia Basovskaya on “ Echo of Moscow ”
- Edward Third English: two lives in one. Part Two - Transfer of Natalia Basovskaya on “Echo of Moscow”