Gaznevid state

Ghaznavid state (Emirate of Ghazni)
	Sultanate of the Abbasid Caliphate
Ghaznavid state (Emirate of Ghazni)
	Persian. سلطنت غزنویان
	Flag
	; The Ghaznavid state at the peak of power (997-1030)
← ; ← →; → 977 - 1186
Capital	Gazni ; ( 963 - 1151 ) ; Lahore 200.000 ; ( 1151 - 1187 )
Languages)	Persian ( official and court language; lingua franca ) ; ; Turkic ( army ); ; Arabic ( religion );
Religion	Islam
Area	3,400,000 km²
Population	20,000,000
Form of government	monarchy
Dynasty	Ghaznavids
Official language
The sultan
• 961 - 963	Alp tegin
• 1160 - 1187	Khusrav Malik
Story
• 977	Founded by Sebuk-Tegin (977–997)
• 998	The greatest power reached under Mahmoud Ghaznevi (998-1030)

The Ghaznavid state is a state with a center in the Afghan city of Ghazni , formed by the Turkic commander Alp-Tekin in 977 as a result of the separation of the Samanids from the state . In 1186, the state was absorbed by the Gurid sultanate .

Content

1 heyday
2 Period of decline
3 Culture
4 Ghaznavid Dynasty
5 Barshan Dynasty
6 notes
7 Literature
8 References

Heyday

Minaret in Ghazni

The support of the Ghaznavids' power was the Gulam Guard, as well as the Gazi detachments, who carried out raids on the Giaurs . The Gaznevid state reached its greatest power under Sebuk-Tegin ( 977 - 997 ) and Mahmoud Gaznevi ( 998 - 1030 ). During the reign of Sabuk-Tekin, almost the entire territory of modern Afghanistan and the Punjab became part of the Ghaznavid state. The son of Sabuk-Tekin, Mahmoud Ghaznevi, annexed the remainder of Samand lands. As a result of 17 campaigns in Northern India, he managed to subjugate Multan several other state entities in this area.

Thus, in the period of greatest prosperity , the territory of modern Afghanistan, a number of Iranian regions, part of Maverannahr and Khorezm , the northern and north-western provinces of India were included in the state by 1030 . The state was given the opportunity to control trade routes between China and the eastern Mediterranean .

Decline Period

However, the conquests ultimately contributed to the weakening of the power of the state. They were accompanied by the ruin of entire areas, the destruction of irrigation systems, the robbery of the population and the capture of tens of thousands of slaves. After the death of Mahmoud Ghaznavi, the Ghaznavid state began to decline. Under Masoud I , Khorezm was lost. The Karakhanid rulers of Maverannahr seized the lands in the upper reaches of the Amu Darya . After the battle of Dandanakan ( 1040 ) with the Seljukids , only part of the territory of Afghanistan and the Punjab was part of the state.

The last blow was dealt by the Gurids , who in the late 1170s drove the Ghaznavids to northern India. The capital of the Gaznevid state was Lahore (the territory of modern Pakistan ). After the capture of Lahore by the Ghurids in 1186, the Ghaznavid state ceased to exist.

Culture

During the heyday of the Gaznevid state, its rulers encouraged the development of science and culture, including Persian, despite the Turkic origin of the ruling elite. At the court in Ghazni and in other cities of the state, outstanding scientists and poets ( Al-Biruni , Utbi , Abul al-Fazl Beihaki , Gardisi , Firdousi and others) lived and worked. The conquering policy of the Ghaznavids greatly facilitated the penetration of Islam into northern India. ^{[3] The} cultivation of abandoned lands, the construction and repair of irrigation systems, the construction, and the promotion of crafts and trade were very limited.

Ghaznavid Dynasty

Alp-Tegin , emir 962 - 963a territory of Tajikistan

Barshan Dynasty

Sebuk-Tegin , Emir of Ghazni 977 - 997 , Sipahsalar of the Samanid state 994 - 997
Ismail ibn Sebuk-Tegin , Emir of Ghazni 997 - 998
Nasr ibn Sebuk-Tegin , Emir Balkh s 997
Bograchuk , brother of Sebuk-Tegin, Emir of Herat from 997
Mahmud Ghaznevi , sipahsalar of the Samanid state 995 - 997 , emir Ghazni 998 - 999 , emir Khorasan 999 , Sultan Ghazni 999 - 1030
Muhammad Ghaznevi , Sultan of Ghazni 1030 , 1041
Masoud Ghaznevi , Sultan of Ghazni 1030 - 1041
Maudood ibn Masoud , Sultan of Ghazni 1041-1049
Masoud II ibn Maudood , Sultan of Ghazni 1049
Ali Ibn Masoud , Sultan of Ghazni 1049-1051
Abd al-Rashid ibn Mahmoud , Sultan of Ghazni 1051 - 1053
Kivam ad-Daula Togryl , Sultan of Ghazni 1053 ( usurper )
Farrukhzad ibn Masoud , Sultan of Ghazni 1053 - 1059
Ibrahim ibn Masoud , Sultan of Ghazni 1059 - 1099
Masoud III ibn Ibrahim , Sultan of Ghazni 1099 - 1115
Shirzad ibn Ibrahim , Sultan of Ghazni 1115 - 1116
Arslan Shah Ibn Masoud , Sultan of Ghazni 1116 - 1117
Bahram Shah ibn Masoud , Sultan of Ghazni 1117 - 1157
Khusrau Shah Ibn Arslan Shah Sultan Ghazni 1157 - 1160
Khusrau-Malik ibn Khusrau-Shah Sultan Ghazni 1160 - 1187

Notes

↑ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability "
↑ "Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012); "Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, often did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue — as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055) - or was a preferred lingua franca for them — as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194) . " [1] Archived May 2, 2013 on the Wayback Machine
↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, Edition: 2, Published by Edinburgh University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-7486-2137-7 , p. 297

Literature

Based on materials from the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, 1963 :

Abu l-Fazl Beihaki. Tarihi Beihaki (The story of Beihaki). Tehran, t. 1-3, 1940-1953.
Abu l-Fazl Beihaki. Stories of Masoud. M .: Nauka, 1969.
Yakubovsky A. Yu. Mahmud Gaznevi. To the question of the origin and character of the Gaznevid state // Ferdovsi. L .: 1934,
Muhammad Nazim. The life and times of sultan Mahraiid of Ghazna, Cambridge, 1931.

Links

Islamic architecture. Ghaznavids.

[1] Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability "

[2] "Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012); "Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, often did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue — as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055) - or was a preferred lingua franca for them — as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194) . " [1] Archived May 2, 2013 on the Wayback Machine

[3] Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, Edition: 2, Published by Edinburgh University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-7486-2137-7 , p. 297