Nanai language

The comparative proximity of the Tungus-Manchu languages ​​and the high degree of dialect fragmentation make their classification difficult. It is customary to distinguish 11 languages, but only 5 are clearly opposed: Evenki (with Solon and Negidal), Even, Ude (ge) (with Oroch), Nanai (with Ulchi, Orok, and also Kylen ^[3] ), Manchu (with Jurchen) ) ^[4] .

The first attempt to classify the Tungus-Manchu languages , based on the classification of tribes, was made by L. I. Shrenk [Shrenk 1883: 292]. He identified four groups of Amur Tungus tribes:

1. Daurs and solons - Tungus tribes with a strong Mongolian admixture;
2. Manchus , Golds, Orochi - the southern branch of the Tungus-Manchu tribes;
3. Orochons , Manegeans , Birars ^[5] , keels;
4. olchi , Oroks , Negidal , Samagir .

Thus, the Nanai tribes (golds) in this classification are in the same group as the Manchus and Orocs. All classifications of the Tungus-Manchu languages ​​that existed in the 1920s were based on the division into southern (Manchu) and northern (Tungus) subgroups, while some languages ​​(including Nanai) in various classifications are classified as northern or to the southern subgroup. According to V. I. Tsintsius , such a division is not fundamental and is only of an auxiliary character [Tsintsius 1949: 17].

V. A. Avrorin proposed dividing the Tungus-Manchu languages ​​into “three equally independent subgroups”: northern Tungus, including Evenki , Negidal, Solonski, Even; southern Tunguska - Nanai, Ulchi, Oroch, Orok, Udege; rename the former southern Tungus-Manchu into Manchu (or “western”) and attribute to it the Manchu and Chzhurzhen [Avrorin 1961: 2].

According to O. P. Sunik , the division into three groups “does not contain anything fundamentally unacceptable, but does not give ... and anything linguistically useful” [Sunik 1962: 18]. O. P. Sunik offers a classification in which the first two groups of languages ​​cited by V. A. Avrorin are not independent, but exhibit greater grammatical and lexical similarities than the Manchu languages ​​with respect to all Tungus. At the same time, the South Tungus languages ​​have more similarities with the Manchu languages ​​than the North Tungus languages.

O.P. Sunik divides the Tunguska branch into the Evonik subgroup ( Evenki , including its Solon dialect, Negidal , Even ) and the Nanai, or Nanyi subgroup (Nanai, Ulchi , Oroch , Orok , Udege ).

Another Manchu branch is represented by the Manchu languages: a) written Manchurian with its living dialects, widespread in China; b) the dead Jurchen [Sunik 1962: 18].

A. A. Reformatsky in 1967 ^[6] proposed the following classification:

• Siberian group

1. Evenki (Tunguska), with Negidal and Solonsky.
2. Even (Lamut).

• Manchu group

1. Manchurian
2. Jurchen

• Amur group

1. Nanai (Gold), with Ulchi.
2. Udean (Udege), with Oroch.

Two large areas of Nanai settlement are distinguished — Russia and China ^[7] . In China, there is an area of ​​the Sungarian dialect - the border sections of the Ussuri basin in the Chinese province of Heilongjiang [Stolyarov 1994]. There, the Nanai (known as “hezhe”, 赫哲族) live in Tongjiang (同 江) and Fuyuan (抚远) counties of Jiamusi city district and in Zhaohei (饶河) county of Shuangyashan city district. Hezhe spoke close idioms - hezhe and kilen, but today there are fewer than 10 speakers, the rest of the community uses the Han (Chinese) language in all spheres of life. ^[eight]

Zones of the Russian range

• Zone 1 approximately coincides with the borders of the Nanai district of the Khabarovsk Territory. Naihinsky and Sikachi-Alyan dialects are widespread: villages Naykhin, Daerga, Troitskoye, Jari, Dada, Sinda, Lidoga, Upper Nergen, Sikachi-Alyan. This is the largest zone both in terms of population size and density, and in the number of Nanai people living on its territory. The share of the Russian population is very large, small national villages are almost absent. Nevertheless, in the villages of Juen, Ulica-national, Dada and Upper Nergen live mainly Nanai. The village of Dada in the Nanai district is unique - in this village the share of Nanai is 97%, only 3% are Udege, Chinese, Koreans, Russians. Almost the entire population of the village of Dada speaks their native language and follows national customs and traditions. But nevertheless, developed transport communications and the proximity of large cities (Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk) contribute to population migration.
• Zone 2 is the distribution area of ​​the hens-Urmia dialect - the Kur and Urmi river basins, the Khabarovsk district of the Khabarovsk Territory, the villages of Ulika-Natsionalnoye, Kukan, Dogordon, Khail (in 2002 the population was 5 people), Novokurovka, Paseka, Pobeda.
• Zone 3 is located inside the Amur region: the basin of Lake Bologna, the villages of Achan, Juen, Ommi. The area of ​​distribution of the Bologna and Juvenian dialects.
• Zone 4 is the area of ​​distribution of the Gorinsky (Garinsky) dialect. Located in the Sunny region of the Khabarovsk Territory.
• Zone 5 includes villages of the Komsomolsky district of Belgo, Beachy, Nizhny Halby, Boktor, Upper Ekon, in which the dialect has features common to the Garinsky ^[7] .

In [Sem 1976: 24], the area of ​​the Bikin dialect, the Pozharsky district of the Primorsky Territory, is also distinguished.

There are several classifications of Nanai dialects. The first classifications were less fragmented, they paid more attention to elucidating areas than to the criteria for distinguishing between dialects. An example of such a classification is the classification of N. A. Lipsky-Valrond in the Far Eastern Encyclopedia (1927), in which 7 dialects are distinguished:

1. Sungarian dialect - from der. Mongols to the village Morhoko.
2. Verkhneamursky dialect - from s. Morhoko to Lake Eni on the right bank of the Amur.
3. Ussuri dialect - from s. Baцаa on the right bank of the Amur River, along Ussuri and its tributaries.
4. Urminsky dialect - from s. Isaki on the left bank of the river. Urmi and with. Susu Daptuni.
5. Kursk dialect - from the villages. Jarmia (modern Jarman) on the river. Tunguske to the confluence of the river. Kura with the river Urmi.
6. Central Amur dialect - from s. Jarmia along the Amur River to s. Yes (modern Dada)
7. Lower Amur dialect - from s. Yes to s. Kemri sat opposite. Sukhanovo [Quoted from: Sem 1976: 21].

In the 20s. XX century., Which accounted for the first period of studying the Nanai language, the area of ​​resettlement of the Nanai was much more extensive than in our time, and those dialects that were not yet recorded by researchers, apparently, disappeared, and remained without names. In later dialectological classifications, the geography of the range of the Nanai language sharply narrows; many Lower Amur and Ussuri dialects remained unexplored.

The next period of study of the Nanai language, actually linguistic, began in the late 40s, after an almost twenty-year hiatus. In classifications, the number of dialects is growing. If N. A. Lipskaya-Valrond distinguishes only 7 dialects, then in subsequent classifications there are up to 10.

According to the classification of O. P. Sunik, “the Nanai language forms two dialects, breaking up into a series of dialects”:

a) Middle Amur - Sakachi-Alyansky , Naykhinsky , Bologna , Juensky , Garinsky dialects;

b) Upper Amur - Kur-Urmian , Bikin , right-bank Amur , Sungarian , Ussuri dialects [Sunik 1962: 23];

In the classification given in V. A. Avrorin’s Grammar of the Nanai Language, the Nanai language is divided into three dialects: Sungarian (or Upper Amur), Amur (or Lower Amur) and Kurm -Urmian , which are also divided into a number of dialects. The main differences from the classification of O. P. Sunik relate to the Amur and Upper Amur dialects: V. A. Avrorin considers the Bologna and Juen language varieties as submissions to the Naihin dialect and singles out the third, Kurm-Urmian dialect, while O. P. Sunik considers this variety language as chickens-Urmian dialect [Avrorin 1955: 7-8].

In the classification of L. I. Sem, the dialect structure is presented differently: instead of two dialects (Middle and Upper Amur), as in O. P. Sunik, and three dialects (Amur, Sungarian and Kurm-Urmian), as in V. A. Avrorin Upper, Middle, and Lower Amur dialects are distinguished, which are divided into a number of dialects:

a) Upper Amur dialect: right-bank Amur , Sungarian , Bikin ( Ussuri ), Kur-Urmian dialects;

b) the Middle Amur dialect: Sikachi-Alyansky , Naykhinsky , Juensky dialects;

c) the Lower Amur dialect: Bologna , Econic , Gorinsky dialects [Sem 1976: 24].

L. I. Sem combines the dialects that V. A. Avrorin divides into the Sungarian and Kurm-Urmian dialects, which coincides with the classification of O. P. Sunik, who also combines these dialects into one dialect. But neither O. P. Sunik nor V. A. Avrorin distinguish the Lower Amur dialect. In the classification of O. P. Sunik, emphasis is placed on the morphological and phonetic differences of the Upper Amur dialects from all the others. At the same time, between the Lower and Middle Amur dialects there are no such significant differences. In the classification of V. A. Avrorin, the differences between the Kurm-Urmian and Sungarian dialects are emphasized. In turn, L.I. Sem draws attention to the peculiarities of the dialects of the Lower Amur dialect, which nevertheless distinguish this dialect from the Middle Amur dialect.

It should be noted that among modern speakers of the Nanai language (representatives of the Middle and Lower Amur dialects) there is a leveling and mixing of dialect traits due to the extensive population migration and the Nanai language teaching system based on the Naihin dialect, therefore, the dialectological differentiation of modern language data is very difficult.

An important feature for determining the boundaries of dialects, which is well understood by native speakers, is the place of formation of affricates [ʦ ~ t ^j ~ ʧ] / [ʣ ~ d ^j ~ ʤ]: in general, more dental options are characteristic of higher (along the Amur) dialects (up to Dada inclusive), for grassroots - palatal options. Naykhin is in the mixed zone, there are tvr options. At the same time, only palatal variants are found in front row vowels.

According to [Stolyarov 1994], the total number of Nanai in the world is 11883, of which 8940 Nanai live in rural Khabarovsk Territory. However, in the Khabarovsk Territory only about 100-150 Nanai speakers were left. Throughout the Khabarovsk area of ​​the language, the share of the Nanai indigenous population averages no more than 30%; There are practically no national Nanai villages - in just three villages ( Juen , Ulika-Natsionalnoye , Dada ), Nanai make up more than 90% of the population, in other settlements this figure is much lower (data source - “Information on settlements, areas of residence and economic activity of indigenous peoples of the North and the Far East of the Russian Federation according to the Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Far Eastern Region on 01.01.2002 ”). According to the 2010 census, 1,347 people speak the Nanai language in Russia.

As can be seen from these data, the situation for preserving the language is unfavorable: native speakers are scattered in different villages and often isolated from each other.

The Nanai language continues to function in the field of everyday communication of people no younger than 40 years old. Having a good command of their native language, people aged 40-50, when communicating with people of their own age or younger, prefer the Russian language, using Nanai mainly to communicate with older people over 70 years old.

Nanai is taught in high school. The weekly workload and duration of training are not the same: there is a standard Nanai language teaching program that is used in 7 villages. In addition, with. Belgo , s. Lower Halba and with. Upper Ekon introduced an experimental Nanai language training program with an increased training load. The standard load is 1-2 hours per week; in different schools, the duration of education is different (from 4 to 10 years, starting from grade 1). In schools with an experimental program, language is taught from grades 1 to 9 with a greater academic load.

In the Nanai language classes, textbooks, collections of fairy tales and fiction in the Nanai language are used. Sometimes, on the initiative of teachers, folklore audio recordings are also used. However, the lack of training and supporting materials, training technologies, and difficulties in creating motivation in children are obvious. Nanai language textbooks are built on the model of Russian language textbooks as a mother tongue, in which the emphasis is not on teaching the language itself, but on theoretical / practical grammar. This model is not adequate in a situation where students do not speak the language they are studying. In addition, the existing teaching materials are focused primarily (or only) on the development of reading skills, while the number of printed publications in the Nanai language does not exceed one or two dozen, moreover, these are collections of folklore or works of historical and biographical genre, which are published in a very limited edition. Teaching oral speech is not sufficiently conducted and teaching aids are not supported.

In general, the Nanai language is almost completely supplanted from all areas of communication by the Russian language. To preserve the language in the current situation, emergency measures are required.

Sociolinguistic situation in the areas of the Russian range:

• Zone 1: there is reason to believe that on the territory of Russia, the Nanai language is best preserved here. In this area there are most schools in which it is taught. The Naiha dialect has the status of a literary variety of the Nanai language, used in textbooks, fiction and newspapers. Also Nanai district has a national status.
• Zone 2: the zone with the smallest size and population density, the proportion of Nanai is small. Most live in the village of Ulika-National.
• Zone 3: this very compact area is significantly deformed due to the proximity of the city of Amursk. Most of the Nanai people live in villages with a population of about 500 people. The preservation of the Nanai language is facilitated by its teaching in the school of Achan village.
• Zone 4: a small number of Nanai live here. According to 2002 data, several people fluent in the Gorin dialect of Nanai remained only in the village of Kondon.
• Zone 5: in this zone there are villages with a population of less than 500 people.

The first texts in the Nanai language were written at the end of the 19th century (Cyrillic was used). In the early 1930s. Latin script was developed for the Nanai language. From 1937 - 1938 the alphabet began to be used in no way different from the Russian. Recently ^{[ when? ]} it was reformed and slightly changed. Macron is also used in textbooks to denote long vowels.

Type (degree of freedom) of expression of grammatical meanings

A language with a fairly high degree of synthetism, despite the developed analytical method of expressing formal meanings using service words ^[9] . There are case postpositions expressing or specifying case meanings of significant words. For example, the postposition “baroni” expresses the meaning of the directive case with all its shades:

enimbi baroni undu = eninchy undu "tell your mother."

The nature of the boundary between morphemes

Nanai is an agglutinative-suffixal language. Каждая формальная морфема имеет одно значение, каждое формальное значение выражается только одной морфемой. Пример: ихон — «село», ихонкан — «односельчанин», ихонкансал — «односельчане», ихонконсалду — «односельчанам», ихонкансалдоива — «моим односельчанам».

Имеются редкие случаи, когда одно и то же значение выражается различными морфемами, например, отыменное глаголообразование одного и того же типа:

• кучэн «нож» — кучэлэ «ударить ножом»
• чиокор «стамеска» — чиокорда «действовать стамеской»

В современном языке суффиксы - ла и - да не являются фонетическими вариантами одной морфемы. В. А. Аврорин предполагает, что на них воздействовали ранние законы ассимиляции звуков. Все формальные морфемы располагаются строго после корня. В нанайском языке есть только суффиксы, нет префиксов и инфиксов. Морфемы располагаются в определённом порядке: корень + суфф. словообразования + суфф. деривационного формообразования + суфф. смешанного словообразования (число, косвенная принадлежность, личность/безличность причастий, время и наклонение глагола и т. п.) + суфф. реляционного формообразования (падеж, притяжательность, лицо, число глагола и т. п.) + суффиксальные частицы (одна, изредка две, крайне редко три). Обязательной частью является только основа.

Наблюдаются редкие случаи внутренней флексии (чередования звуков в корне), например:

• энэ — непроизводная основа «идти»;
• эну — непроизводная основа «уходить».

Это поздние результаты прежнего формообразования суффиксального характера, которые не противоречит общей агглютинативности морфологии нанайского языка ^[9] .

Тип маркирования

В именной группе

В именной группе наблюдаем вершинное маркирование.

Пример: в притяжательном словосочетании первый член выражает обладающий предмет (определение), второй — предмет обладания (определяемое).

• Арчокан даӈсани — арчокан даӈса-ни, дословно « девочка книга-её/его » — «книга девочки»

В предикации

В предикации наблюдается зависимостное маркирование.

Пример: алосимди Москвава гисурэйни — «учитель (ном.) про Москву (акк.) рассказывает».

Тип ролевой кодировки в предикации

В нанайском языке аккузативный тип ролевой кодировки. Examples:

• Наондёкан тэрини — «Мальчик-nom садится»;
• Наондёкан аорини — «Мальчик-nom спит»;
• Алосимди наондёкамба тэвэндини — «Учитель-nom мальчик-acc сажает».

Порядок слов в предложении

Базовый порядок слов в предложении — SOV:

• Нёани («он») еӈурбэ («волка») моримба («лошадью») сиавандини («кормит»).

The composition of the vowel phonemes of the Nanai language is characterized by relative wealth, which is created by contrasting the short and long vowels, pure and nasalized (nasal). All phonemes are reducible to six main ones: / i, u, y, o, a, ə /. There are also 12 diphthongs (not counting their options). Consonant phonemes 18. The ratio of vowels and consonants in a coherent text is approximately 100 to 85 - 90 (counting long vowels and diphthongs as a double sound) ^[9] .

Basic phonetic patterns

Vowel Singharmonism

Nanai vowel phonemes are divided into two series, depending on the degree of language rise, and based on the pairing of the vowels in the series, that is, the presence of such pairs of vowels of each row that one sound from each pair belongs to the first series (lower in pitch), and the other to the second (higher in elevation). The first series includes the vowels / y, a, o /, the second - / i, ə, u /. A group of Korean scientists suggests that the main sign for distinguishing the series is the retraction of the root of the tongue to the throat (retrackted tongue root, +/- RTR). ^[10] The law of syngarmonism, acting in the modern Nanai language, is manifested in the fact that within one word vowels are used in only one of two series: the first or second. At the same time, the last syllable can be reduced qualitatively: vowels of low rise (+ RTR) cease to be such (they become -RTR).

• The noun has the categories of numbers (singular and plural), possessiveness (personal and impersonal), subjective assessment, person / non-person. Declension is simple (seven cases) and possessive (personal-attraction. And return-attraction.).
• The name adjective is morphologically unchanged. It is divided into qualitative (can take an excretory form), quantitative and relative.
• Numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
• The pronoun is divided into categories: personal, reciprocal, possessive, reflexive, definitive, indicative and interrogative.
• Verb : verb forms proper, participle (actually occupying the majority of finite predicates), participle (simple, denoting single-subject actions with the main and possessive ones, denoting both single and multi-subject actions with the main). Negative foma are synthetic and analytical.
• Adverbs are divided into categories: qualitative, quantitative, degree, place, time.
• Interjections and imitations are common .
• Service words are divided into postpositions, unions and particle words ^{[9] [11]} .

V. A. Avrorin also singles out a special group of words, "denoting very diverse imaginative impressions and sensations and distinguished by their semantic, morphological, syntactic and phonetic features." Such words are called figurative words. By their semantics, they can be divided into the following categories:

1. depicting the appearance of an object in a state of rest or movement, for example: bopial-bopial “opening or closing (mouth, eyes)”, deerk “shuddering, moving , and immediately becoming motionless”, singalbalba “enveloping in smoke, dust”;
2. depicting the nature of the combination of objects or their individual parts, for example: deӈ-deӈ “firmly, so as not to tear”;
3. depicting the nature of the action and at the same time the appearance, condition of the object in violation of its integrity, for example: gude-gude "breaking into pieces";
4. transmitting visual color and light impressions, for example: hyaloon “exposing white from under a dark coating”;
5. transmitting sound impressions, these words are associated with direct onomatopoeia, for example: memul-memul "making the sound of a shambing with a toothless mouth";
6. transmitting sensations and mental states of a person, for example: gichiak “sensing an instant touch of something cold”, breath “experiencing a feeling of sadness, boredom, despondency”.

Features distinguishing figurative words from adverbs:

1. significantly less than the dialects, the degree of generalization of lexical meanings, a limited number of verb words with which they can communicate;
2. pronounced ability to enter into stable phrases with some verb words when the latter lose their lexical meanings and turn them into service words. Most often, figurative words enter phrases with verb words from the basics of ene “go, go, move” and that “do, do.” Service words with the basis of eni express the passivity of the action, with the basis of ta - activity. Examples:

• Duke sar enehani “the ice is shattered (under the influence of extraneous force)”;
• Nai dukeve sar tahani "a man has broken the ice to smithereens."

Some researchers consider the problem of figurative words in Nanai and other Tungus-Manchu languages ​​far-fetched. According to A. A. Burykin ^[12] , “the hypertrophy of this category of words ... is based on not quite adequate ideas about the stylistic systems of languages. If figurative words in Russian form part of the expressive vocabulary characteristic of colloquial speech and vernacular, then in Nanai ... this vocabulary is one of the components of a neutral style and is especially active in the language of folklore. "

In Russian

• Avrorin V.A. Grammar of the Nanai language, vol. 1. M.; L .: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1959.
• Avrorin V.A. Grammar of the Nanai language, vol. 2. M.; L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1961.
• Oskolskaya S. A. Aspect in the Nanai language. Diss. for the degree of Candidate of Philological Sciences. SPb 2017
• Putintseva A. P. Morphology of the dialect of Gorinsky Nanai. L, 1954.
• Putintseva A. P. On the production vocabulary of Gorinsky nanai // Uchenye zapiski LGPI. - L., 1969.S. 383.
• Sem L. I. Essays on the dialects of the Nanai language: Bikin (Ussuri) dialect. L., 1976.
• Stolyarov A.V. Nanai language // Red Book of the Languages ​​of the Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1994.
• Stolyarov A.V. Nanai: the sociolinguistic situation and the prospect of conservation // Small Numbers of the North, Siberia and the Far East. Problems of conservation and development. St. Petersburg, 1997.
• Sunik O.P. Kur-Urmia dialect. L., 1958.

Foreign work

• Doerfer, Gerhard. Das Kur-Urmische und seine Verwandten. Zentralasiatische Studien, 7 1973 // 567-599. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
• Doerfer, Gerhard. Ist Kur-Urmisch ein nanaischer Dialekt? Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, 47 1975 // 51-63.
• Jun, An. Hezheyu Jianzhi [A Grammatical Sketch of the Hezhen Language]. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe [Nationalites Press], 1986.
• Kazama, Shinjiro. Naanaigo no itchi 'ni tsuite [On the so-called agreement in Nanay]. Hokudai Gengogaku Kenkyuuhookoko 5. Sapporo: Faculty of Letters, Hokkaido University, 1994.
• Zhang, Yang-chang, Bing Li, and Xi Zhang. The Hezhen Language. Changchun: Jilin University Press, 1989b.

Nanai texts

• Avrorin V. A. Materials on the Nanai language and folklore. L., 1986.
• Nanai folklore: Ningman, Siohor, Telungu. Novosibirsk, 1996.
• Samar E. Manga Pokto. Difficult trails. Khabarovsk, 1992.
• Samar E. Kondonkan dalamdini. Condon warden. Khabarovsk, 2000.
• Passar A. Mi Urahamby Ningmansal. Tales of my childhood. Khabarovsk, 2002.
• Hodger A. Miorangoari. Worship of nature. Khabarovsk, 2000.
• Marshak S. Ya. Twelve months. Doyan Duer Bia (translated by S. N. Onenko). Khabarovsk, 1990.
• Beldy G. At Naini: Poems. Khabarovsk, 1980.
• Kazama, Shinjiro. Nanay Texts. Publications on Tungus Languages ​​and Cultures 4. Center for Language Studies, Otaru University of Commerce: Otaru, Japan. 1993. [in Nanay and Japanese]
• Kazama, Shinjiro. Nanay Folk Tales and Legends 2. Publications on Tungus Languages ​​and Cultures 8. Faculty of Education, Tottori University: Tottori, Japan. 1996. [in Nanay and Japanese]
• Kazama, Shinjiro. Nanay Folk Tales and Legends 3. Publications on Tungus Languages ​​and Cultures 10. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies: Tokyo. Japan 1997. [in Nanay and Japanese]
• Kazama, Shinjiro. Nanay Folk Tales and Legends 4. Publications on Tungus Languages ​​and Cultures 12. Chiba: Chiba University. 1998

Dictionaries

• Onenko S.N. Russian-Nanai Dictionary (over 8,000 words). L., 1959.
• Petrova T. I. Nanai-Russian Dictionary (about 8,000 words). L., 1960.
• Onenko S. N. Nanai-Russian and Russian-Nanai Dictionary: a manual for high school students (more than 3,600 words). L., 1982.
• Onenko S. N. Dictionary Nanai-Russian and Russian-Nanai: a manual for high school students (about 4,000 words). L., 1989.
• Onenko S. N. Lotsa-Naanai Hesekuni. Russian-Nanai dictionary (about 5,000 words). M., 1986.
• Onenko S.N. Nanai-Locha Hesekuni. Nanai-Russian Dictionary (12,800 words). M., 1980.
• Kile A. S. Nanai-Russian thematic dictionary (spiritual culture). Khabarovsk, 1999.