(52) Europa ( lat. Europa ) - one of the largest asteroids of the main belt , which belongs to the dark spectral class C. It was discovered on February 4, 1858 by the German astronomer and artist Hermann Goldschmidt using a 4-inch telescope located on the sixth floor of his apartment in the Latin Quarter of Paris , and is named after Europe , the daughter of the Phoenician king in ancient Greek mythology [5] .
| (52) Europe | |
|---|---|
| Asteroid | |
 Asteroid (52) Europe on a background of stars | |
| Opening | |
| Discoverer | G. Goldschmidt |
| Detection point | Paris |
| Date of discovery | February 4, 1858 |
| Eponym | Europe |
| Alternative designations | 1948 LA |
| Category | Main ring |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| The Age of March 14, 2012 JD 2456000.5 | |
| Eccentricity ( e ) | 0.1069623 |
| Semi-axis ( a ) | 463.341 million km (3.0972423 a. E.) |
| Perihelion ( q ) | 413.781 million km (2.7659541 a. E.) |
| Afhelia ( Q ) | 512.901 million km (3,4285305 a. E.) |
| Period of circulation ( P ) | 1990,954 days (5,451 g. ) |
| Average orbital speed | 16.876 km / s |
| Inclination ( i ) | 7,48036 ° |
| Ascending node longitude (Ω) | 128.73363 ° |
| Perihelion Argument (ω) | 343.98761 ° |
| Mean Anomaly ( M ) | 126,18512 ° |
| Physical characteristics [4] | |
| Diameter | 302.50 km ( IRAS ) 362 × 302 × 252 km [1] |
| Weight | (1.65 ± 0.16) ⋅10 19 kg [2] |
| Density | 1,140 ± 0,130 g / cm³ |
| Acceleration of gravity on the surface | 0.11 m / s² |
| 2nd cosmic speed | 0.20 km / s |
| Rotation period | 5.6304 h |
| Spectral class | C |
| Apparent magnitude | 11.82 m (current) |
| Absolute magnitude | 6.31 m |
| Albedo | 0.0578 [3] |
| Average surface temperature | 173 K (−100 ° C ) |
| Current distance from the Sun | 3.221 a. e. |
| Current distance from Earth | 2.627 a. e. |
Also one of the satellites of Jupiter is named after Europe.
Orbital characteristics
This asteroid is located in the outer part of the main belt at a distance of 3.10 a. e. from the sun. Since it moves along a somewhat elongated orbit with a noticeable eccentricity close to 0.11, its distance from the Sun changes quite noticeably, from about 413.781 million km in perihelion to 512.901 million km in aphelion .
The asteroid in its orbital parameters is close to the asteroids of the family of Hygea , but, apparently, is not included in it. It makes one revolution in about 1990.9 days, which is just over 5.4 years.
Physical characteristics
Asteroid Europe is among the ten largest bodies of the asteroid belt. Nevertheless, despite this, it has a very low density value (slightly more than the density of water), which indicates a high porosity of this body. Therefore, collisions with other asteroids could have a particularly strong impact on Europe [6] . According to the research done by G. Michalak in 2001, the mass of Europe was estimated at (5.2 ± 1.8) 10 19 kg [7] , however, later estimates by American astronomers James Baer and Steven R. Chesley in 2007 gave a slightly smaller mass, namely (1.9 ± 0.4) ⋅10 19 kg [6] , and a year later, in 2008, the research by James Baer showed an even smaller mass value of 1.65⋅10 19 kg [ 1] .
Asteroid (52) Europe, according to its spectral characteristics, belongs to class C , characterized by a very low albedo value, due to the presence in the surface rocks of a large number of carbon-containing compounds. Spectral studies also showed the presence of olivine and various pyroxenes in the asteroid rocks [8] . Moreover, it is possible that, depending on the surface area, the chemical composition of rocks may vary [9] . The Japanese infrared satellite Akari revealed the presence of hydrated minerals in Europe [10] .
For a long time, it was not possible to establish the rotation period of Europe according to the light curves , even despite numerous measurements - the results varied from 5 seconds to 11 hours [11] . It was subsequently established that the rotation of the asteroid is retrograde, but the exact directions in which the points of the poles are located remain unknown. The most detailed analysis of the data gives points with ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (70 °, 55 °) or (β, λ) = (40 °, 255 °) with an uncertainty of 10 °, which corresponds to the inclination of the axis of rotation to the orbit plane about 14 ° [12] .
See also
- List of asteroids ( 1—100 )
- Small Planet Classifications
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Baer, James (2008). Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations Archived January 29, 2009 at Wayback Machine Personal Website. Retrieved 2008-11-29
- ↑ Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamic Astronomy (2008). The appeal date is October 11, 2008.
- ↑ IRAS Minor Planet Survey (inaccessible link is history ) .
- ↑ Asteroid Data Sets (English)
- ↑ Schmadel, Lutz D. Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . - Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition. - B. , Heidelberg, N. Y .: Springer, 2003. - P. 20. - ISBN 3-540-00238-3 .
- ↑ 1 2 Baer, James; Steven R. Chesley. Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris (Eng.) // Celestial Mechanics and Dynamic Astronomy : journal. - Springer Nature , 2007. - Vol. 100 , no. 2008 - P. 27—42 . - DOI : 10.1007 / s10569-007-9103-8 . - .
- ↑ Michalak, G. Determination of asteroid masses (Eng.) // Astronomy and Astrophysics . - EDP Sciences , 2001. - Vol. 374 . - P. 703-711 . - DOI : 10.1051 / 0004-6361: 20010731 . - .
- ↑ Dotto, E., et al. ISO results on bright Main Belt asteroids: PHT – S observations , Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 358, p. 1133 (2000)
- ↑ A High-Resolution CCD Spectroscopic Survey of Low-Albedo Main Belt Asteroids (Eng.)
- ↑ Fumihiko Usui et al. AKARI / IRC near-infrared asteroid spectroscopic survey: AcuA-spec , December 17, 2018
- ↑ Zappalà, V .; M. di Martino and S. Cacciatori On the ambiguity of the rotational period of 52 Europa, Icarus, Vol. 56, p. 319 (1983)
- ↑ Michałowski, T., et al. Phototerry asteroids I. mainstream belt models. 52 Europa, 115 Thyra, and 382 Dodona , Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 416, p. 353 (2004)
Links
- NASA JPL Database on Small Bodies of the Solar System (52) (eng.)
- MPC Database on Small Bodies of the Solar System (52) (eng.)
- Elements and Ephemeris for (52) Europa (not available link) . Archived March 4, 2016.
- Sawyer, SR, A High Resolution CCD Spectroscopic Survey of the Low-Albedo Main Belt Asteroids , PhD thesis, The University of Texas (1991)
- Schmeer, P., and ML Hazen, CV Aquarii identified with (52) Europa (not available link) . Archived February 14, 2006. , Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Vol. 28, p. 103 (2000)