Blocked development is a type of low-rise housing development in which similar houses located in a row are blocked by side walls with each other. Each of these houses has a separate entrance, a small front garden and, sometimes, a garage.
Such a model of urban planning was most developed in the UK of the colonial period of the late 17th century. - beginning of XX century Blocked development, as a rule, is distinguished from one- or two-family houses, interlocked in pairs, called blocked residential buildings .
The first ensemble of ordinary buildings was erected in Paris on the Place des Vosges in 1605-12. In England, the first examples of blocked buildings appeared after the Great Fire of London in 1666 . In the 18th century , genuine ensembles of ordinary buildings were created in England (London Grosvenor Square , Park Crescent, Bayswater, Batken Queen Square).
With the development of the Industrial Revolution and the industrialization of English cities, the massive blocked development of small typical houses made it possible to solve the problem of housing for workers' factories, docks and factories. As a result, by the end of the 19th century, the appearance of many industrial cities in England ( Manchester , Liverpool ) was determined by long rows of extremely economical, but depressingly gloomy and overpopulated brick houses with 2-level apartments. The situation began to change only in the 1960s and 70s, when many of these quarters were reconstructed or demolished - and the sites were built up with buildings that meet modern architectural and urban planning requirements adopted in the UK.
Block housing is also common in the USA (old quarters of Philadelphia , Boston , Pittsburgh , San Francisco ), the Netherlands , Scandinavia , Bremen , and former British colonies ( Australia , India , etc.).
Definition of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (Part 2, Article 49) :
residential buildings with no more than three floors, consisting of several blocks, the number of which does not exceed ten and each of which is intended for one family, has a common wall (common walls) without openings with a neighboring block or neighboring blocks, located on a separate land plot and has access to the common area (residential buildings of blocked development).
Definition of SP 55.13330-2011 :
... blocked houses, the residential blocks of which are autonomous and are considered as separate single-family houses, if they:
- do not have premises located above the premises of other residential units;
- do not have common entrances, auxiliary rooms, attics, undergrounds, communication shafts;
See also
- Urban planning
Literature
- A 1947 work by John Summerson of the 1947 John Wood and the English town-planning tradition, which became part of the 1963 Heavenly Mansions.
- Summerson's Creation, Georgian London.
- Volume 5 of the 1998 edition of The Encyclopedia of Malaysia, authored by Chen.
- Hayward, Mary Ellen. The Baltimore Rowhouse / Mary Ellen Hayward, Charles Belfoure. - Princeton Architectural Press , 2001. - ISBN 978-1-56898-283-0 .
- Howells, T. Morris, C. Terrace houses in Australia . The Rocks, NSW: Lansdowne, 1999. ISBN 1-86302-649-5
- Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation
- SP 55.13330-2011 “Residential single-family houses”