Namaz ( Persian نماز ) or Salyat ( Arabic: صلاة ) is canonical prayer, one of the five pillars of Islam. The prayers of the first Muslims consisted in a joint loud utterance of the formulas of monotheism ( shahada ) and the exaltation of Allah ( dhikr ). The Qur'an does not have clear instructions for prayers, although there are many indications of such things as prayer times.prayer formulas , some movements, etc. The whole order of prayer was formed as an imitation of the prayer positions and movements of the Prophet Muhammad and is fixed in the memory of the first Muslims. The uniformity of prayer has been practiced for almost a century and a half and was written in writing by the Hanafi theologian Muhammad al-Shaibani (d. 805).
The basis of prayer is rak'ah , which is a cycle of prayer poses and movements, accompanied by the pronunciation of prayer formulas. All poses, movements and prayer formulas follow one another in a strictly defined order, the violation of which is fraught with the invalidity of prayer . All prayer formulas and words must be pronounced in Arabic . Depending on the theological school ( madhhab ), some prayer formulas may differ.
The daily prayer cycle consists of five obligatory prayers (fard) :
- morning two prayer prayer ( fajr )
- four noon prayer prayer ( zuhr )
- four-evening prayer ( asr )
- evening three-rake prayer ( maghrib )
- four-night prayer ( Isha )
An extra night prayer ( vitra ) consists of an odd number of rak'ahs and can include up to thirteen rak'ahs. In some cases, you can combine midday with evening prayer and evening with night prayer. It is forbidden to pray precisely at noon and at the moments of sunrise and sunset. Any Muslim, in addition to the obligatory prayers, can perform any number of voluntary prayers ( nafilya ) and night prayer - tahajjud . In addition to ritual prayers, a Muslim has the ability to directly appeal to God through prayer ( dua ), pronounced at any time and in any language.
Namaz can be performed both individually and collectively in any suitable place. Friday afternoon prayer ( juma prayer ) is recommended to be performed in a mosque . The place where the prayer is performed should be ritually pure ( tahara ). Prayers can spread a prayer rug ( sajjad ). During the collective prayer, the worshipers become rows after the imam who directs the prayer. Women should pray separately from men or stand behind. During prayer, you cannot talk, eat, drink, laugh, make extraneous movements, etc. You cannot pray in a drunken, intoxicated and delusional state. Patients and disabled people have indulgences in the ritual of namaz and can perform it both sitting and lying, making movements mentally. The ritual of namaz is equally performed by the followers of all Islamic movements, with the exception of the most “extreme”, who deny any ritual.
Currently, in most Muslim countries there is no strict control over the implementation of prayer, and its administration is a matter of conscience for each individual Muslim.
Content
Prerequisites for Prayer
- Ritual purity - if a person is in a state of desecration (small, for example, after natural departures, or large, for example, after sexual intercourse), ritual ablution is necessary (partial or complete, depending on the degree of desecration).
- Clean Place — You must select a clean place for prayer.
- Qibla - a person should face towards Qibla . see also Kaaba
- Intention - a person must have an intention to make a prayer.
- Clothing - a person should be dressed in clean (that is, not stained with sewage, such as urine) clothing that matches Sharia .
- Sobriety (alcohol, narcotic drugs are completely prohibited in Islam - all this is haraam ).
- Time - each of the five prayers is performed in a certain period of time for him (see table).
Rakaat
The basis of prayer is rak'ah , which is a cycle of prayer poses and movements accompanied by the recitation of prayer formulas. All poses, movements and prayer formulas follow each other in a strictly defined order, the violation of which is fraught with the invalidity of prayer. The worshiper performs ablutions ( voodoo ), becomes, turning to face the Kaaba ( qibla ), with his hands down along the body, pronounces the formula of intention ( niyat ) aloud or to himself. Then he raises his hands to face level, palms towards the qibla, and pronounces the formula of exaltation of Allah ( takbir ). Taking the left hand in the right hand by the wrist, he presses them to the chest ( cues ) and pronounces the first Surah of the Koran ( Al-Fatiha ), and after it some short Surah of the Koran. After reading the verses from the Qur'an, a half-bow ( hand ) is made with recitation of praise to Allah. Having straightened up, the prayer utters the words: “May Allah hear the one who praised him” ( tasmi ) and kneeling down, performs an earthly bow ( Sujud ). Having straightened up , he sits on his heels ( jilsa ) and says the words: “O Allah, forgive me.” Then the worshiper repeats the bow of the earth and sits on his heels. In the second and last rak'ah, the worshiper reads the prayer formula “ tashahhud ”, and after its completion in the last rak'ah , he pronounces the greeting formula “ Peace be upon you and mercy of God ” to the right and left [1] .
Namaz times
- Time forbidden for prayer
- From sunrise to how it rises to the height of a spear.
- When the sun is at its zenith .
- At sunset time. (But it is not forbidden to perform the afternoon prayer. Performing the constant afternoon prayer at this time is hypocrisy, as the prophet Muhammad said).
According to some Islamic scholars, the ban on prayers does not apply to those prayers for which there is a reason, such as Tahiyat al-masjid (due to entry into the mosque), Kusuf and Husuf prayers (due to solar and lunar eclipse), Namaz -Voodoo (performed due to ritual bathing). Also at this time, it is allowed to perform fivefold daily prayers , if for some reason they were not performed at the time set for them.
Mandatory Prayers
Namaz prayers differ from each other in terms of time, number of rak'ahs , obligatory or desirable desires, form of fulfillment, etc. The following is a brief description of each type of prayer.
| Name of Namaz | Arab. A. | Value/ Transfer | Time interval for prayer | Number of racquets | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fajr | صلاة الفجر | dawn prayer | From dawn to sunrise. | 2 Sunna and 2 Farda | |
| Mandatory morning (dawn) prayer. It takes place between dawn and sunrise. It is among the five prayers performed by Muslims daily. | |||||
| Zuhr | صلاة الظهر | midday prayer | From the moment the sun passed through the Zenith point and ends with the onset of the Asr prayer. | 4 Sunnah Racata, 4 Farda Racata and 2 Sunnah Racata | |
| Midday (lunch) prayer. It is among the five prayers performed by Muslims daily. | |||||
| Asr | صلاة العصر | evening prayer | It starts from the moment when the shadow length of the object is 2 times greater than the object itself (or equal to the length of the object) before sunset. | 4 raccoon farda | |
| Afternoon Prayer. It is among the five prayers performed by Muslims daily. During the trip, Asr prayer can be combined with Zuhr midday prayer. | |||||
| Maghrib | صلاة المغرب | evening prayer | From the moment of sunset until the night prayer (Isha) | 3 raccoon farda and 2 raccoon sunnah | |
| Mandatory sunset (evening) prayer, the time for which begins when the sun has disappeared. It is among the five prayers performed by Muslims daily. | |||||
| Isha | صلاة العشاء | night prayer | 1.5 hours after sunset and lasts until midnight (or dawn). | 4 raccoon farda, 2 sunna raccoon and 3 al-Vitr raccoon | |
| Night prayer. It is among the five prayers performed by Muslims daily. | |||||
Voluntary Prayers
Voluntary prayers differ from each other in terms of time, number of rak'ahs , desirability of their fulfillment, form of fulfillment, etc. The following is a brief description of each type of prayer.
| Name of Namaz | Arab. A. | Value/ Transfer | Time interval for prayer / Situations in which namaz is performed | Degree of desirability | Number of racquets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitr | وتر | odd | After the night prayer (Isha) until dawn | Sunnat / Wajib | Odd |
| Vitr-namaz is performed individually (except for prayers in the month of Ramadan, after Taraviha ). | |||||
| Jamaat Namaz | صلاة الجمعة | collective prayer | Anytime. | Fard / Sunnat | 2,3,4 |
| The form of performing the obligatory prayer performed by two or more persons. In the collective prayer, one of the worshipers is appointed by the imam and leads a prayer, while all other worshipers perform all the actions for him. | |||||
| Janaz prayer | صلاة الجنازة | funeral prayer | Anytime | Fard kifaya | one |
| Prayer performed before burial of the body. This prayer differs from other prayers in the absence of rak'ahs and prayers recited in prayer. | |||||
| Juma prayer | صلاة الجمعة | cathedral prayer | Instead of midday prayer Zuhr | Fard kifaya | 2 |
| Friday afternoon collective prayer after the sermon. | |||||
| The Spirit | صلاة الضحى | morning prayer | 0.5-1 hour after sunrise | Sunnat | 2 |
| Morning prayer. | |||||
| Eid Prayer | صلاة العيد | holiday prayer | 0.5-1 hour after the sun rises on the holiday of Uraza-bairam and Kurban-bairam. | Fard kifaya | 2 |
| Holiday prayer. During the holiday prayer, the first rak'aht pronounces takbir seven times. | |||||
| Istiska | صلاة الاستسقاء | prayer istiska | In a period of drought. | Sunnat | 2 |
| A group prayer in which worshipers ask Allah to send rain during a drought. | |||||
| Istihara | صلاة الاستخارة | prayer of Istihar | Anytime. | Sunnat | 2 |
| A prayer in which the prayer asks Allah to help him make the right decision on a particular issue. | |||||
| Qasr Namaz | قصر الصلاة | prayer reduction | Sunnat | ||
| The visible union of two prayers, used when a person is on the road. The first of the prayers is read at the very end of the prescribed time, and the second at the very beginning, which creates the appearance of the unification of the prayers. | |||||
| Kusuf | صلاة الكسوف | eclipse prayer | During a solar eclipse. | Sunnat | 2 |
| A group prayer performed during a solar eclipse. | |||||
| Namaz voodoo | صلاة الوضوء | prayer of ablution | Anytime. | Sunnat | 2 |
| Namaz performed after ritual bathing (voodoo). | |||||
| Namaz tasbih | صلاة التسابيح | Tasbih prayer | Anytime. | Sunnat | 2 |
| The prayer that a Muslim performs so that Allah accepts his repentance for his sin. | |||||
| Ratibat | Before and after obligatory ( fard ) prayers. | Sunnat | 2 | ||
| Namaz performed before and after obligatory ( farde ) namaz. | |||||
| Tarawih | تراويح | Tarawih | After the night prayer of Isha in the month of Ramadan | Sunnat | |
| Tahajud prayer performed during the month of Ramadan . | |||||
| Tahajud | تهجُّد | Tahajud | after night prayer Isha until dawn | Sunnat | |
| An optional prayer performed after the night prayer of Isha. | |||||
| Tahiyat ul masjid | تحية المسجد | greeting mosque | After entering the mosque. | Sunnat | 2 |
| Namaz performed after entering the mosque. | |||||
| Hajat | صلاة الحاجة | prayer Hajat | During life's difficulties. | Sunnat | 2 |
| Namaz, in which Muslims ask Allah to rid them of difficulties, needs, life problems and failures. | |||||
| Hauf | صلاة الخوف | prayer of fear | During the war. | Sunnat | 2,3,4 |
| A form of collective prayer, in which two groups of worshipers alternately perform collective prayer for the imam. | |||||
| Husuf | خسوف | eclipse prayer | During a lunar eclipse. | Sunnat | 2 |
| Group prayer performed during a lunar eclipse. | |||||
Forms of Praying
| Name of the form of prayer | Arab. A. | Value/ Transfer | Situations in which | Degree of desirability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual prayer | In any situations. | Depending on the prayer. | ||
| It is made individually. Many desirable prayers are performed individually and being performed by the collective may not be desirable. | ||||
| Jamaat Namaz | صلاة الجمعة | collective prayer | In any situations. | Fard / Sunnat |
| A collective namaz performed by two or more persons under the direction of an imam . | ||||
| Qasr | قصر الصلاة | prayer reduction | On my way. | Sunnat |
| The combination of two prayers, used when a person is on the road. | ||||
| Hauf | صلاة الخوف | prayer of fear | During the war. | Sunnat |
| A form of collective prayer, in which two groups of worshipers alternately perform collective prayer for the imam . | ||||
Phrases Used in Namaz
| Phrases | translation of phrases |
|---|---|
| 1) Allahu Akbar | Allah is Great! |
| 2) A`uzu billahi and mina-sh-shaitani-r-rajim | I resort to the protection of Allah from the damned Satan |
| 3) Subhana rabbi l-̌azım | Holy great lord |
| 4) Sami`a-llaḣu liman hamidaḣ. Rabbana wa lakyal hamd | Allah heard those who praised him. Our Lord, praise be to you |
| 5) Subhana rabbil-a`lya | Holy Almighty Lord |
| 6) Rabbi Gfirli | Lord forgive me |
| 7) Assalamu `alaikum wa rahmatu-llaḣ | Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah |
Gallery
Four basic prayer poses and related prayers and recitations
Bosniaks pray in an open field, circa 1906
Muejin reads adhan
Worshipers in prayer
Men sit and pray in the Republic of Kosovo
Turba ( Arabic: تربة ; Persian مهر , mohr) is a small piece of soil or clay, often an clay tablet used during prayer to symbolize the earth. The use of turba is mandatory in most Shiite Islamic schools.
The display shows the time of prayer in a Turkish mosque
I. Fajr, II. Zuhr, III. Asr, IV. Maghrib, V. Isha
Notes
- ↑ Bogolyubov A.S. as-Salat // Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Otv. ed. S. M. Prozorov . - M .: Science ,GDVL , 1991 . - S. 204. - ISBN 5-02-016941-2 .
Literature
- Bogolyubov A.S. as-Salat // Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Otv. ed. S. M. Prozorov . - M .: Science , GDVL , 1991 . - S. 204. - ISBN 5-02-016941-2 .
- Namaz / Roshchin M. Yu. // Mongols - Nanomaterials. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2013. - S. 730-731. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 21). - ISBN 978-5-85270-355-2 .