Nzhdeh, Garegin

Born in the family of a priest in 1886 in the village of , Nakhichevan county of Erivan province . At baptism was named after Arakel. He received his primary education at the Russian school of Nakhichevan and continued his studies at the Tiflis gymnasium. In 1902, Ter-Harutyunyan entered the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University . But after two years of study, he leaves the university.

In 1906, Nzhdeh moved to Bulgaria . There he enters an illegal military school, which was created in 1907 at the suggestion of one of the leaders of the Dashnaktsutyun party, Rostom Zoryan . More than 400 Armenians and Bulgarians were trained in it, who were trained in military affairs and prepared for revolutionary activity in the territory of Turkish Armenia and Macedonia ^[1] .

After graduating from this educational institution, he returned to the Caucasus, where he joined the partisan detachment of Murad Sebastatsi and joined the ranks of the ARF.

In November 1907, he went to Persia as an officer and took an active part in the Persian revolution . In August 1908 he returned to Kznut.

In September 1909 , Nzhdeh was arrested by the tsarist authorities (“Case of the Dashnaktsutyun Party ”, 163 Dashnaks were arrested ^[2] ) and imprisoned. He served time and was questioned in 4 prisons: a prison in the city of Julfa , Nakhichevan prison, Novocherkassk prison , St. Petersburg prison ^[3] . In March 1912, he was released from prison and moved to Bulgaria.

During the 1st Balkan War, Armenians living in Christian countries in the Balkans supported their governments in the fight against the Ottoman Empire ^[4] . Garegin Nzhdeh began the war on September 16, 1912 ^[5] . Andranik and Nzhdeh managed to organize several hundred Armenian volunteers to participate in the war ^[4] .

October 20, 1912 Nzhdeh appointed ^{[by whom? ]} commander of the Second Armenian Company. In early November, he fights in Uzun-Hamidir.

In November 1912, near the village of on the banks of the Maritsa River in the White Sea , as part of the 3rd Bulgarian Brigade, Nzhdeh and his company participated in the defeat of the Turkish corps of General Yaver Pasha, for which Nzhdeh received the Bulgarian (including: Bulgarian cross “ For courage ”, IV degree) and Greek awards and the title “hero of the Balkan peoples” ^[6] .

During the war , June 18, 1913 Nzhdeh was wounded ^[5] .

On July 19, 1913, the Kievskaya Mysl newspaper published an essay by its war correspondent Leo Trotsky about an Armenian volunteer company that took part in the first Balkan war against Turkey for the liberation of Macedonia and Thrace ^[7] :

Rota is commanded by an Armenian officer in uniform. He is simply called "Comrade Garegin." Garegin, this is a former student of St. Petersburg University, involved in the famous “ski” process Dashnaktsutyun and acquitted after a three-year sentence. He took a military school course in Sofia and was listed as lieutenant of the reserve of the Bulgarian army before the war.

On the eve of World War I, Nzhdeh, like many other representatives of Dashnaktsutyun, received a pardon from the tsarist government, and in early October 1914 he moved to Tiflis . At the first stage of the war, he was the deputy commander of the 2nd Armenian volunteer squad as part of the Russian army (the regiment was commanded by Dro ), and subsequently commanded a separate Armenian-Yezidi military unit. In addition, Nzhdeh, as deputy commander, also fought as part of a combined squad led by Vardan Khanasori , a member of the Ararat squad, and later the 1st Armenian Regiment.

From May 1915 to July 25, 1916 Nzhdeh participated in the battles for the liberation of Western Armenia , for which he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3 degrees , St. Anne 4 degrees and St. George's Crosses 3 and 2 degrees .

In July 1915 he received the rank of lieutenant .

Since May 1917, Nzhdeh was the city commissar in Alexandropol .

In May 1918, Nzhdeh covers the retreat of the Armenian troops from the Kars region , waging a battle at Aladzha; at the same time, Garegin Nzhdeh managed to remove the materials from the excavations of Professor N. Ya. Marr from Ani .

On May 21, 1918, Turkish troops approached Karakilis.

On May 25-28, 1918 Nzhdeh commanded a detachment in the battle of Karakilisa ( Vanadzor ), as a result of which the Turks decided not to move deeper into Armenia. In this battle he was again wounded. He was awarded the Order of Courage.

In December 1918, Nzhdeh crushed the Turks uprising in Vedi . In 1919, Nzhdeh served in the Armenian army and participated in various battles. For the suppression of the uprising in Vedibasar, Nzhdeh was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree.

In August 1919, the Minister of War of Armenia, by order No. 3, awarded Nzhdeh the rank of captain .

On September 4, 1919, Nzhdeh was sent with his detachment to Zangezur ( Syunik region). In October, the 33-year-old Nzhdeh was appointed to the post of commander of the south-eastern front of Zangezur ( Syunik ), while the defense of the northern region, Sisian , was led by Pogos Ter-Davtyan ^[2] .

In Nzhdeh’s own expression, “ Then I devoted myself to the physical protection of the endangered Armenians Kapan and Arevik, reflecting the periodic attacks of Musavat Azerbaijan and the Turkish Pasha Nuri and Khalil ” ^[2] .

In December 1919, Nzhdeh in Geghvadzor suppressed resistance in 32 Azerbaijani villages, which, according to Armenian data, became a disaster for Kafan and the surrounding areas ^[3] .

In March 1920, the Armenian-Azerbaijani war resumed throughout the entire disputed areas ( Zangezur , Karabakh , Nakhichevan ). On April 28, Baku was occupied by the Red Army , and Soviet power was proclaimed there; in early July, the Red Army entered Zangezur, and in the middle of the month, battles broke out between it and the Armenian forces.

In the spring of 1920, the Armenian government appropriated Garegin Nzhdeh the rank of colonel .

On August 10, 1920, an agreement was concluded between Soviet Russia and the Republic of Armenia, according to which the disputed areas were engaged in troops of the Red Army. Fearing that after this Zangezur might come under the control of Soviet Azerbaijan, Nzhdeh did not recognize this agreement and refused to leave Zangezur.

At the beginning of September, Kapan was occupied by the Red Army, and Nzhdeh and his detachment were driven back to the Khustupks mountains ( Meghri neighborhood, ancient Arevik), where he strengthened, taking advantage of the terrain.

As a result of the anti-Armenian policy pursued by the Red Army in early October 1920 in Zangezur, a mass uprising began against the Soviet government, led by Nzhdeh and Ter-Davtyan, and after the death of the latter - alone Nzhdeh). By November 21, two brigades of the 11th Red Army and several Turkish allied Zaval Pasha battalions were defeated by the rebels in battle at the Tatev Monastery , and on November 22 Nzhdeh entered Goris . Soviet forces left Zangezur (during these events, according to some reports, about 12,000 soldiers of the Red Army died ^{[2] [3]} ) ^[8] .

On December 25, 1920, a congress held at the Tatev Monastery proclaimed the “Autonomous Syunik Republic”, which was actually headed by Nzhdeh, who adopted the ancient Armenian title of Sparapet (Commander-in-Chief). The leadership of Soviet Armenia announced a reward for the head of the “head of the Zanzur counter-revolution” of the “ adventurer Nzhdeh” .

The activities of the Soviet government in the shortest possible time aggravated the situation of the population and led to an aggravation of the socio-political situation in the republic . The discontent of the population poured into the February uprising of 1921, which drew the forces of the Red Army upon itself, giving Zangezur a respite for a while. In the spring, after the suppression of the February uprising by units of the Red Army, rebel forces retreated to Zangezur. By that time, Nzhdeh had organized cooperation with parts of the rebels operating in Nagorno-Karabakh .

On April 26, 1921, at the II Tatev Congress, which was attended by 95 delegates from 64 villages, the Republic of Lernaayastan ( Mountain Republic of Armenia ) was proclaimed, and Nzhdeh headed it as Prime Minister, War Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

On June 1, at the joint meeting of the “Committee for the Liberation of the Motherland” and the Republic of Nagorno-Armenia held in Goris, Nagorno-Armenia is renamed by Armenia (Republic of Armenia) as a continuation of the First Republic; The prime minister of the latter, Simon Vratsyan , was appointed Prime Minister, and Nzhdeh was appointed Minister of War. According to the testament of Nzhdeh, the only mistake in those days was the announcement of Lernayastan by Armenia, which happened against his will .

In July 1921, after the official publication of the decision of the Armenian Revolutionary Committee to leave Syunik as part of Armenia and securing guarantees from the leadership of Soviet Armenia regarding the preservation of Syunik as part of Armenia, Nzhdeh and his associates crossed the Araks River to Persia .

According to the testimony (during interrogation in prison) of Dashnak Hovhannes Devejyan, the former secretary of the bureau of the government of Armenia, Nzhdeh, who headed the military affairs in Zangezur , was used by the Dashnak government of Armenia first to pacify the local Azerbaijanis , rather to clear the territory of Zangezur from Azerbaijanis, and then to fight against Krasnaya Army ^[9] .

According to Tom de Waal , having captured Zangezur in 1921, Nzhdeh expelled the remnants of the Azerbaijani population from there and achieved, as the Armenian author Claude Mutafyan euphemistically put it, “re -ization” of the region ^[10] .

In Persia, Nzhdeh stayed for a while in the village of Muzhambar , and after about a month he moved to Tauris .

By that time, a slanderous campaign had begun against Garegin Nzhdeh, the instigators of which were Bolshevik agents and those members of the united government of the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Mountainous Armenia , whom Nzhdeh had repeatedly publicly condemned ^[2] .

In July 1921, the ARFD Supreme Court on Garegin Nzhdeh opened a lawsuit. He was charged with "leading the fall of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia." On September 29, the party court ruled: "To expel Nzhdeh from the ranks of the Dashnaktsutyun party and submit his case to the upcoming 10th party congress ." However, in April-May 1923, the party congress, and then the 10th congress (November 17, 1924 - January 17, 1925), restored Nzhdeh in the party.

From 1922 to 1944, Nzhdeh lived in Sofia ( Bulgaria ), was a member of the Balkan Committee of the ARF.

Nzhdeh became engaged in summer in the summer of 1913 in Sofia, and in 1935 - married Epima Sukiasyan. In the spring of 1945, his wife and son were exiled to the Bulgarian city of Pavlikeni , where Sukiasyan died of tuberculosis on February 24, 1958 . Son, Sukias-Vrezh Ter-Harutyunyan, after demobilization from the army in 1960, settled in Sofia.

Create Tsegakron

In 1933, Nzhdeh participated in the 12th Assembly of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation , which was attended by almost all well-known Armenian figures in exile. Nzhdeh there represented the Armenian emigrants of Bulgaria. He was offered several points for the organization of Armenians in exile in order to fight against Turkey and the Bolsheviks. The main task he considered the organization of Armenian youth and for this purpose went to the USA in the summer of 1933 ^[11] .

Within the framework of Dashnaktsutyun, Garegin Nzhdeh in the same year a youth organization was created, the Tsegakron group, characterized by political scientist Volker Jacobi, as a proto-fascist group, later renamed ^[12] . In the USA, in the places of compact residence of Armenians, he created the Oath Unions (Tsegakron Ukhter). In Bulgaria, Germany, Romania, Greece and France, branches of the organization were opened ^[11] . During the creation of Tsegakron Nzhdeh was mainly inspired by the racist theories and ideologies prevailing in the 1930s ^[13] .

The name "Tsegakron" comes from the words "race" and "religion." Opponents of the Dashnaks consider this “racial worship”, with a clear connotation of fascism, supporters translate as “devotees of the race”, “followers of the race”. His main idea was to create a clear connection with North American youth with the concept of national identity. The main idea was that, first of all, a nation should be considered ^[14] . Nzhdeh promoted "racial patriotism" as "a natural and logical reaction against an alien environment that threatens the very existence of our race." The style and slogans of his movement echoed the fascist movements of Europe. The uniform used two of the three colors of the tricolor of the First Republic of Armenia (which is the flag and modern Armenia ), blue shirts and orange shawls. According to Nzhdeh: “Denying a flag means denying our identity. We cannot be neutral in this matter. For if we remain neutral, then what will become with the identity of the Armenians outside the homeland ” ^[15] . По мнению Томаса де Ваал , Нжде имел подлинно фашистский уклон, создавая эту организацию ^[16] .

In Sofia in 1935 he published the work “American Armenians - Rod and Its Scum”, as well as a significant number of articles, in one of which he wrote ^[11] :

This Nzhdeh laid the foundation for the theory of “Armenism”. The organization’s motto was “Armenia - the Armenians”, and the purpose of the creation was “To educate the family of honor, whose representatives lived and acted as subjects and warriors of their kind, wherever they were and whatever their social status” ^[11] .

The “Tsegakron” press organ is the emigrant newspaper “Razmik”, which began to be published by Nzhdeh with Hayk Asatryan in 1937 ^[17] .

Nzhdeh contrasted “Tsegakron” with the “Dashnaktsutyun” party, whose policy, in his opinion, was indecisive ^[18] . Starting in mid-1935, the aggravation of relations between Tsegakron and Dashnaktsutyun began. According to the leaders of “Dashnaktsutyun”, “Tsegakron” was the youth wing of the party, which allowed not to reckon with its leadership. The aggravation of relations also took place between Nzhdeh and the head of the ARF Bureau . According to Ter-Minasyan, the organization created by Nzhdeh is dangerous for the Armenians and can lead to a split in the party ^[11] .

According to many researchers ^[19] , when, according to Dashnaktsutyun, Nzhdeh’s views became extremist, fascist and racist, he was expelled from the party ^{[12] [14]} . This happened in 1938 at the 13th Dashnaktsutyun Assembly. Later, Dashnaktsutyun made attempts to return Nzhdeh, as, for example, in 1939, when General Dro tried to convince him to return and subordinate Tsegakron to Dashnaktsutyun, but Nzhdeh refused, but announced his intention to cooperate with the party in order to resolve the pan-Armenian problems ^[11] .

Nzhdeh assisted Hayk Asatryan in creating the ideology of the emigrant organization Taronakanutyun (Taronism) at the end of 1937, based on the ideas of nationalism, as well as supporting and developing ideas of the Aryan origin of Armenians. The organization’s official publication was the Taronsky Orel (Taroni Artsiv) weekly. In its ideology, this movement was not much different from the Tsegakron. At the beginning of World War II, the formation of paramilitary reconnaissance and sabotage groups from members of the Tsegakron and Taronakanutyun, who had previously undergone military-psychological training, began. Later they were trained in the camps of Abwehr , under the leadership of Nzhdeh, with the aim of transferring them to the territory of the Caucasus and Turkey in the future ^[17] .

World War II period

Returning to Bulgaria, Nzhdeh established contacts with Berlin, which aimed to convince the Nazis to attack Turkey, and in the early 1940s participated in the creation of Armenian paramilitary units within the Wehrmacht , trained under the guidance of SS instructors ^[18] . At the beginning of World War II, Garegin Nzhdeh began to cooperate with the German authorities, pursuing the goal, in case the Germans captured Transcaucasia, to prevent a possible Turkish invasion of Soviet Armenia and, if possible, with the help of Germany, restore Armenia’s independence ^[2] .

In 1942, on the initiative of the Nazi military administration, the Armenian National Council ( Armenischen Nationalen Gremiums ) was created, headed by Professor of the University of Berlin Artashes Abeghyan. Abeghyan invites Garegin Nzhdeh to participate in the council ^[20] . In December 1942, Nzhdeh became one of the seven members of the Armenian National Council (established in Berlin ) and deputy editor of the National Council newspaper “ Azat Hayastan ” (“Free Armenia”) (editor-in-chief is ).

According to CIA documents declassified in accordance with the law on the disclosure of Nazi war crimes, on September 1, 1945, the Armenian weekly newspaper published a translation of the original German document, which indicated that the Armenian National Council, which included Dashnak leaders - Chairman Artashes Abeghyan, Deputy Abram Fulkhandanyan, Harutyun Baghdasaryan, David Davidkhanyan, Garegin Nzhdeh, Vagan Papazyan, Dro Kanayan and Dertovmasyan, - once addressed the Nazi Minister of the Eastern Occ. feasted territories Alfred Rosenberg proposed the creation of the German colony in the territory of Soviet Armenia ^[21] .

Nzhdeh and General Dro participated in agitation among Soviet prisoners of war, the Armenians, with the goal of recruiting volunteers in the so-called Armenian Legion , whose units were involved in battles in the North Caucasus , and later on the Western Front ^{[9] [22]} .

According to the encyclopedia “The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”, more than 30 agents of Armenian origin were recruited on the territory of Bulgaria during the Nzhdeh War. He participated in their sabotage training, as well as in the transfer to the rear of the Soviet army with the aim of conducting subversive activities ^[23] .

When the Soviet troops approached Sofia, Nzhdeh refused to leave Bulgaria, he motivated his action by the fact that he did not want to jeopardize his organization and also hoped that the USSR would soon declare war on Turkey and Nzhdeh would be able to take a direct part in this war. After the entry of the Soviet troops, he wrote a letter with this proposal to the commander-in-chief of the Soviet troops in Bulgaria, General Tolbukhin .

Nzhdeh's collaboration with the Nazis led to his arrest by the Soviet military counterintelligence in Bulgaria ^[20] . Garegin Nzhdeh was identified and arrested by counterintelligence agents as part of the intelligence business of the Abvergruppa-114 (Dromedar) ^{[approx. 1] [23]} . The arrest of Nzhdeh was preceded by detention by the Bulgarian police, the basis of which was the charge of ties to German intelligence ^[24] . SMERSH employees also detained 17 of the 30 saboteurs he trained, preventing the commission of sabotage and terrorist acts. The rest were put on the wanted list ^[23] .

On October 12 he was arrested by SMERSH and sent to Moscow, to the MGB internal prison at the Lubyanka , from where he was transferred to Yerevan prison in 1946 . Nzhdeh was accused of counter-revolutionary activities, primarily in participating in the "anti-Soviet" uprising in Zangezur and the massacres of the Communists during this uprising (this accusation was extremely indignant, since amnesty had been declared to the Zangezur rebels in 1921). He was tortured with insomnia, but not with physical effects. The main point of the accusation was the "execution in Tatev", which had already become an important part of Soviet anti-Dashnak propaganda - it was alleged that after the occupation, Goris Nzhdeh shot and partly alive threw up to 400 captured Communists and Red Army soldiers from Tatev rock. Nzhdeh himself denied the charges of killing communists, claiming that captured Turks from the Zaval Pasha detachment dressed in the Red Army uniform, without knowing it, on the initiative of the local population, were shot. ^{[8] [25]} .

Since in 1947 the death penalty was abolished in the USSR on April 24, 1948, Nzhdeh was sentenced to a maximum sentence of 25 years in prison. He was sent to Vladimir Prison .

In March 1952, Garegin Nzhdeh was brought to Yerevan for the second time. In the summer of 1953, before transferring Nzhdeh to Vladimir Prison, by order of the Minister of State Security of the Armenian SSR , Garegin Nzhdeh was taken by car to show Yerevan, the erected buildings, various sights ^[2] .

In different periods Nzhdeh was imprisoned in Moscow prisons: Butyrku, Lefortovo, Krasnaya Presnya; when transferred from Yerevan to Vladimir Prison, he remained in prisons of Baku , Saratov , Kuybyshev , Rostov for a short time, and until his death Nzhdeh was kept in prison and hospital in Tashkent for a year (summer 1953 - September 1955).

From many diseases ( tuberculosis , hypertension, and so on) in 1954, the health of Garegin Nzhdeh deteriorated to such an extent that the prison hospital decided to prematurely release him from prison, but Nzhdeh was not released ^[2] .

In September 1955, he was again sent to Vladimir Prison, where he died on December 21 of that year.

His brother, Levon Ter-Harutyunyan, was refused to bury Nzhdeh in Armenia, and only clothes and watches were given out of personal belongings. Nzhdeh was buried by his brother, and a sign was placed on the fenced grave: Ter-Harutyunyan Garegin Egisheevich (1886-1955). In August 1983, the ashes of Garegin Nzhdeh was transported to Armenia by the spouse of the granddaughter of Nzhdeh: Pavel Ananyan (at the suggestion of Gurgen Armaganyan).

On May 8, 1987, through the efforts of Rafael Hambartsumyan, the ashes were secretly buried in Vayk in the courtyard of the ancient Spitakavor church (before that, the ashes were kept by different people) ^[2] .

On October 7, 1983, part of the remains (the first cervical vertebra) was buried on the slope of Mount Khustup in Zangezur with the help of Gorissian Andranik Karapetyan.

In April 2005, two parts of the remains of Garegin Nzhdeh buried in Spitakavor (the right hand and two bones) were taken and buried on April ^{26 [26]} at the memorial monument built in Kapan (with the knowledge of the Government of the Republic of Armenia).

In the post-Soviet period, Nzhdeh is considered a national hero in Armenia, his racist views are downplayed, and nationalism is approved. He created the ideology of Tsegakron adhere to extreme nationalists ^[14] .

Political Parties and Social Organizations

Since the 1990s, a number of parties have been created under the influence of Nzhdeh’s ideas ^[27] .

In July 1991, the party “Fans of the Family of Armenia” was created. The party’s charter is called “Tsegakron”. Party members follow the ideas of Nzhdeh and are saturated, according to Russian ethnologist Viktor Shnirelman, with “zoological anti-Semitism”. The party’s goal is to create a national religion based on pagan beliefs. The militants of this party took part in the Karabakh war . In June 1991, the “Tsegakron Nzhdeh Party” was registered, which adheres to a similar ideology with the party “Fans of the clan of Armenia”, but there is no anti-Semitism here ^[27] .

The Republican Party of Armenia supports the ideology of “Tsegakron” in its platform ^[28] . It was created by Ashot Navasardyan , who was a neopagan. Later, the neopagan nationalism of the party, which devoted a significant place to the ideas and images of Nzhdeh, gave way to fundamental nationalism, where the Armenian Apostolic Church again topped the list of national values. However, Nzhdeh continues to exist as a canonical hero ^[29] . In 2000, the party’s leader Andranik Margaryan , an extreme nationalist with “Njay” views, was appointed to the post of Prime Minister of Armenia, the appointment of which personifies the nationalist mood in the country ^[30] . In order to better inform youth about such concepts as “military-patriotic and healthy lifestyle”, the party created its youth organization “Tsegakron”, which since 2004 has been cooperating with the Armenian Apostolic Church in the “fight” against religious minorities ^[28] .

Nzhdeh and Armenian neopaganism

The roots of Armenian neopaganism are associated with Garegin Nzhdeh, who begins to promote his 1930s. In modern Armenia, neopaganism began to spread from the end of 1989, when a number of intellectuals proposed to return to the Armenian pre-Christian faith ^[27] .

Nzhdeh is a cult symbol among Armenian neopagans , around which neo- mythological texts and legends are formed. Pilgrimages are organized to the places of his ritual burials. His ashes brought to Armenia are buried in three places - in the Vayots Dzor region in the Spitakavor monastery, partly in the city of Kapan, where a memorial is built and part of the relics is on Mount Khustup. Around mid-July - early August, starting in 2008, neo-pagans organize pilgrimages to Mount Khustup to spend the night there. According to the priests, the pilgrims hope that they will be visited by a vision of the deity Vahagn , as it visited Nzhdeh. On the second of the graves of Nzhdeh, a rite is performed twice. Priests claim that Nzhdeh was a prophet. His famous photograph in military uniform is placed on posters, calendars of neopagans in the context of the pantheon of pagan deities ^[29] .

In modern Armenia, there is a large-scale cult of Nzhdeh ^[31] . The works of Nzhdeh were repeatedly reprinted in Armenia, which also contributes to the nationalist ideology of the previously ruling Republican Party ^[29] . Commemorative coins are minted in memory of him, documentaries and feature films are shot. The square is named after Garegin Nzhdeh in Yerevan ^[31] . One of the awards of the Armed Forces of Armenia is the Garegin Nzhdeh Medal ^[32] .

In 2012, a memorial tablet to Garegin Nzhdeh was installed on the territory of the Armenian Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Armavir . At the opening ceremony, an adviser to the head of the Armavir administration Vladimir Pavlyuchenkov made a speech ^[33] . Some residents of the city asked the authorities to remove the tablet ^[34] .

On January 28, 2013, the premiere of the film “ Garegin Nzhdeh ” (director Grach Keshinyan ) was held in Yerevan at the “Moscow” cinema. The film was dedicated to the 21st anniversary of the creation of the Armenian army. Filming took place in Armenia and Europe ^[35] . The film starred Russian actors Chulpan Khamatova and Mikhail Efremov ^[31] .

In 2016, a bronze monument (5.7 m high) was unveiled to Garegin Nzhdeh in Yerevan, and statements of Nzhdeh were engraved on the ramp at the foot of the monument. The ceremony was attended by the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan ^{[36] [37]} .

In connection with the unveiling of the monument, Russia responded with a response that was voiced by the official representative of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Maria Zakharova - “Our attitude to any form of rebirth, the glorification of any manifestations of Nazism, neo-Nazism, extremism, too, is well known ... It’s not clear to us, why the indicated monument was erected, because we all know about the feat of the Armenian people, this is the immortal feat of the Armenian people since the Great Patriotic War, World War II ” ^[38] . This was followed by a response from the official representatives of the Armenian government, who condemned the words voiced by Zakharova ^{[38] [39]} . The Vice-Speaker of the National Assembly of Armenia Eduard Sharmazanov noted that Garegin Nzhdeh had been fighting for the freedom of Armenia all his life, noting that “the monument to Garegin Nzhdeh in Yerevan was erected because Nzhdeh is a national hero of the Armenian people, just like Alexander Nevsky, Alexander Suvorov, Marshal Kutuzov, Bagration - are the national heroes of the fraternal Russian people. ” Soon, Maria Zakharova commented on previously voiced words, saying that her comments were perverted, while adding that the installation of the Nzhdeh monument is an internal matter of Armenia ^{[40] [41]} .

• “Open letters of the Armenian intelligentsia” (Sofia, 1926) ^[42]

• “The struggle of the sons against the fathers” ^[43] (Thessaloniki, 1927)
• “The Seven Testaments to My Companions”
• "Autobiography" (1944)
• Ethnover
• "The people professing courage-Aryanism"
• My Creed ^[44]
• "Covenants and Creed of the Ethnovers" (1933)
• “Creator of our revolution” (article)

Comments

1. ↑ "Dromedar" was the conventional name for the Sonderkommando, which initially operated under the command of the Abwehr Group 101, and later became an independent intelligence agency - the Abwehr Group 114

Sources

• Нжде в Энциклопедии Геноцид.ру
• LD Trotsky. Andranik and his squad // “Kiev thought”, 06/13/1913 - about the Armenian volunteer company.
• A film about the outstanding Armenian political and military leader Garegin Nzhdeh video
• Biography , Encyclopedia of the Hayazg Foundation.
• Garegin Nzhdeh (Brief biography and annals of life). Author Rafael Hambartsumyan