Little Russia |
Little Russia. 1347 . |
Small Russia about 1600. |
Little Russia. 1649 - 1667 . |
Little Russia. After 1667 . |
Little Russia. XIX century. |
Little Russia , Little Russia , Little Russia ( tracing from Wed-Greek. Μικρὰ Ῥωσία [1] , Latin Of Ukraine .
The name appeared at the beginning of the XIV century as the Byzantine church-administrative definition of the Galician-Volyn and Turov-Pinsk principalities [2] [3] . From the XVI century, the name of all Russian lands in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (later they identified White Russia ) [4] . Since the XVII century Little Russia - one of the official names of the Hetman . Later it was used to designate the historical region of the Russian Empire and Little Russian province . After the October Revolution, the term was actually banned. .
However, other sources indicate a different interpretation of the term “Little Russia”. Thus, according to G.F. Miller, the term “Small Russia” arose during the time when this territory was located within Poland: “In the judgment of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which was under the control of Grand Prince Ivan Vasilievich І, living along with the King of Poland, Kazimir, in one time, more so prezhnyago spread her was, Kіevskaya area could be called maloyu Rossіeyu, Kojima imenem Poles and the judges were called, and ot Polyakov made cіє name and entered in upotreblenіe and unto the Great Rossіi and tak So Great, Small Blaya and Red Ross I, withdrawals kotoryh three Poles in Lithuania and onyya neschastnyye times when Rossіyskoe States was held under the Tatarskim igom and possess had. " (Historical writings on Little Russia and Little Russians by G. F. Miller, Moscow, University Printing House, 1840)
Galicia-Volyn principality
For the first time the term “Small Russia” is encountered at the beginning of the XIV century in Byzantium for the definition of modern Western Ukrainian lands in church and administrative practice. The Galician Metropolis , created in 1303, covered six dioceses: Galician, Peremyshl, Vladimir-Volyn, Holm, Lutsk and Turov (that is, also part of the territory of modern Belarus ), which in Byzantine sources were called Little Russia ( Greek Μικρά ῬῬῬί Мала МалаῬῬῬῬ источникаῬ источника источника источника гре источника источникаκά . Mikrá Rhōsía) as opposed to Great Russia ( Μεγάλη Ῥωσία - Megálē Rhōsía), which since 1354 meant the territory of 19 dioceses under the authority of the Kiev Metropolitan , the residence ("seat") [5] of which was in 1300-1325 years. Klyazma , and in the period from 1325 to 1461 in Moscow . [6]
Prince Galitsky and Volyn Yuri II Boleslav, in his diploma to the great master of the German Order Dietrich, dated October 20, 1335, called himself “ dux totius Russiæ Minoris ” (“Prince of All Little Russia”), although he and his predecessors called themselves “ Rex Russiæ "(" King of Russia ")," Dux totius terræ Russiæ "(" Prince of All Russian Land ")," Dux et Dominus Russiæ "(" Prince and Lord of Rus ").
Ultimately, the names “Great Russia” and “Little Russia” reached the official level - the Patriarch of Constantinople established (1361) two metropolises, one - in “Little Russia” (“Micro Russia”), with the center in Novgorodka and Galich , the other in "Great Russia" ("Megale Russia"), with the center in Kiev (nominally) and Moscow (in fact).
Polish king Casimir the Great (1310−1370) was called "the king of Lyakhia and Little Russia", as he extended his power to a significant part of the possessions of Yuri-Boleslav [7] .
According to the scheme of Mikhail Grushevsky, “Little Russia” is the Galician-Volyn principality, and with his death, the entry of his lands into Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , this name “comes out of use” [8] . According to Oleg Trubachev , the name “small” arose as an opposition to the already well-established name “Great Russia”, which referred to more northern lands and meant “external”, “new” Russia. [9]
However, for residents of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Poland, similar language constructs were far from news, as at least from the year 1411, Little Poland (Malopolska) has been known, and since 1257 - Greater Poland (Greater Poland).
Russian lands of the Commonwealth, Hetmanate
Approximately from the beginning of the 17th century, the term takes on a new meaning, beginning to be used to designate the Dnieper region.
Especially often these names began to appear in the texts of Orthodox publicists, for example, in Ivan Vyshensky, in his writings, the terms Great and Little Russia are constantly used to distinguish Russia: “Nowadays Christian words Small Russia” (“Book”, about 1600), “if you don’t want the fruitfulness of the savior language of Slovenian from Great Russia is borne, access Kiev to the Pechersk monastery ”(Zachapka, circa 1608). And the Metropolitan of Peace of Lycian Matthew writes to the Lviv brotherhood that he was given the Patriarch of Constantinople the authority “concerning church affairs in Little Russia and in the Moscow kingdom” (1606). Job Boretsky , Isaiah Kopinsky and Zechariah Kopystensky also constantly use the concept of Little Russia in their polemical writings against the Union of Brest . The concept of “Little Russia” on the verge of the 15th – 16th centuries covered not only modern Ukrainian lands, but also Belarusian and, in part, Lithuanian, that is, the entire territory of the Kiev metropolis. One of his messages Ivan Vishensky addressed to “Christians of Little Russia - the Brotherhood of Lviv and Vilensky ” Zakharia Kopystinsky in “Palinode” wrote “Russia is Small, that is, Kiev and Lithuania” [10] , with Vilnia, Polotsk, Vitepsk, Orsha, Mogilyov simultaneously named in “Palinodii” as “Belarusian places” [11] .
In 1619, Pamvo Berynda printed in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra printing house the book Anfologion , which uses the name Russia Minor.
This division was perceived and popularized by official circles of the Russian state . Since the middle of the XVII century, the name Little Russia was used in the church correspondence between Kiev and Moscow . In the chronicles and on geographic maps almost until the end of the 17th century, the Galician, Volyn and Podneprovsky lands are called Russia (Russia), Russian land (Ziemia Ruska) or Red Russia (Russia Rubra). Kontarini calls Lower Russia the lands where the cities of Lutsk , Zhytomyr , Belgorod (now Belogorodka village , 10 km from Kiev) and Kiev are located .
After the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654, the Russian tsar changed his title to "All Great and Little Russia", where over time the addition of "Bely" was added. Since then, the name Small Russia (Small Russia) also began to spread in government correspondence, chronicles and literature, in particular, is used by Bogdan Khmelnitsky: "... The capital of Kiev itself, this part of this Small Russia nashiya" [12] , Ivan Sirko [13] . The rector of Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Innocent Gizel in Kyiv Synopsis (1674) formulated the understanding of the “Slavorian people” as a triune nation consisting of Great Russians, Little Russians and Belarusians, and the state power of the Russian state in all three parts - Great, Little and White Russia - is the only legitimate, as the Moscow Grand Dukes, and then the kings, are descended from Alexander Nevsky , who "was Prince of Kiev from the land of Russia, Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky." The term “Little Russian Ukraine” appeared in 1677 [14] and then took root in the hetman's office and chronicle writing. The terms "Little Russia" and "Little Russia" are used in the chronicles of Samuel Velichko , chronograph on the list of L. Bobolinsky, "Skarbnitsa" by Ivan Galyatovsky (1676) [15] .
However, on the maps of the XVIII century, published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in the years 1736-1738, and in the Russian Atlas of 1745, the name Small Russia does not occur.
Little Russian Identity
In the 17th century , “Little Russian Identity” appeared on the Hetman land, the idea that the Little Russians living here are, like the Great Russians , local branches of the single all-Russian people and in the Russian state under the control of the autocratic monarch have equal national and social rights and opportunities. At the same time, the Little Russian component freely and on an equal footing was a member of complex, multi-layered imperial, All-Russian, and then Soviet structures. Considering that the national identity of the Eastern Slavs developed rather slowly and complicatedly, the Little Russian national idea was formed and developed in parallel with the Ukrainian and purely Russian national ideas with which it conflicted - for the first it was too “pro-Russian” " [16] .
The Little Russian national idea fit in perfectly with the general imperial and Soviet cultural-ethnic concept [16] .
Little Russia as a historical region of the Russian Empire
After the liquidation of the Hetman in 1764 from the part of the Left-Bank Ukraine, the Little Russian Province [17] was established with the administrative center in the town of Glukhov . In 1775, the Little Russian and Kiev provinces were merged, the provincial center moved to Kiev. In 1781, the Little Russian province was divided into three provinces (provinces) - Chernihiv , Novgorod-Seversk and Kiev . In 1796, the Little Russian province was reconstructed, Chernihiv was appointed the provincial center, after which it was divided into two provinces in 1802: Poltava and Chernihiv . In 1802, the Little Russian Governor-General was established as part of these provinces. In 1835, Kharkov Province was annexed to it. The residence of the Governor-General until 1837 was Poltava, from 1837 - Kharkov. It was abolished in 1856.
The names of Little Russia, Little Russia, Little Russians were used relative to the entire south-western region during the XIX and early XX century.
The name of Little Russia until 1917 was semi-officially used for the collective designation of Volyn , Kiev , Podolsk , Kharkov, Poltava and Chernigov provinces [18] . Precisely, Grigory Skovoroda called his mother and “Little Russia”, Left-Bank Ukraine, and Sloboda Ukraine his native aunt [19] , which indicated the absence of a derogatory shade in the term “Little Russia”.
Taras Shevchenko in his personal diary, written in Russian (in 1857-1858), uses 17 times the words "Little Russia / Little Russian" and only 4 times the word "Ukraine" (while he does not use the adjective "Ukrainian" in general); at the same time in letters to like-minded Ukrainophiles - 17 times "Ukraine" and 5 times "Little Russia / Little Russian", and in his poetry uses only the term "Ukraine" [20] . In his prose, written in Russian , Shevchenko uses the words Little Russia, Little Russian [21] [22] , Little Russian accent [23] , Little Russians [24] [25] [26] .
The cultural and historical specificity of Little Russia, as well as the regional patriotism of the Little Russians, were quite acceptable in the eyes of the supporters of the concept of a large Russian nation until they conflicted with this concept. Moreover, in the first half of the 19th century, Little Russian specifics evoked a lively interest in St. Petersburg and Moscow as a more colorful, romantic version of Russianness [27] .
Ukrainian historian Mikhail Maksimovich in his work of 1868 refuted the myth formed in Polish historiography: attributing to the Russian state the introduction of the name “ Little Russia ” after 1654, the division of the Russian people into “ Rus , Ruthenians and Muscovites ”. Historians Nikolai Kostomarov , Dmitry Bagaley , Vladimir Antonovich recognized that “Little Russia” or “South Russia” during the struggle of the Russian state and the Commonwealth was the ethnonym for the “Little Russian / South Russian” people, and “ Ukraine ” was used as a toponym , meaning the marginal lands of both States.
Term Little Russia in the Russian Empire
By the name of Little Russia, the current Chernigov and Poltava gubernias are usually understood, but in the historical sense the concept of Little Russia is much broader; she embraced, moreover, the present South-Western Territory (that is, the provinces of Kiev, Podolsk and Volyn), going sometimes to the present Galicia, Bessarabia, Kherson region. The Dnieper River Little Russia was divided into right-bank and left-bank. In this territory in the specific-veche period there existed the principalities of Chernigov-Seversk, Pereyaslav, Kiev, Volyn, Podolsk, partly the principalities of Galicia and Turov. Tatar invasion ruined and weakened the territory of the later Little Russia. The number of the population decreased to the point that Pogodin hypothesized that it all went somewhere north, and a new population appeared in its place because of the Carpathians. But M.A. Maksimovich in his article “On the Imaginary Desolation of Ukraine in the Invasion of Batyivo and the Population by Its Newly-Arrived People” (“Works”, Volume I), followed by V. B. Antonovich in the article “Kiev, Its Destiny from the 14th to the 16th century ”(“ Monographs ”, I) proved by a number of facts that there was no complete neglect of Little Russian territory after the Tatar invasion, that its population did not leave and no people moved to southern Russia, although it was impossible to deny partial colonization. After the Batu invasion, when the power of the Russian princes in the south weakened, southern Russia fell under the power of Lithuania (see the Lithuanian-Russian state), and when Lithuania in the Union of Lublin in 1569 finally united with Poland - then under the power of Poland. Under the Lithuanian princes, Cossacks arose, with the appearance of which the political life of the Little Russian people began [28] .
- Russia. History: Little Russia // Encyclopedic Dictionary of F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron. - S.-PB.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907.
Throughout the entire period of the entry of the territory of modern Ukraine into the Russian Empire, the term Little Russia was in a broad sense used as a synonym for Ukraine, both in everyday life and at official levels. In this case, the term Little Russia could be extended both to the lands of the Middle Dnieper region and Sloboda Ukraine. In the narrow sense, the term Little Russia continued to be used in relation to the lands of the Left-Bank Hetmanate .
At the same time, in the second half of the XIX century, the name Ukraine becomes more widely used in everyday life, private and public life and almost completely replaces all other designations (including the term "Little Russia"). [29] [30]
Ukraine after 1917
After 1917, the historical names “Little Russia”, “Little Russia” and the words derived from it were practically derived from historiographical use in the Ukrainian SSR , RSFSR and the USSR and had an almost negative connotation [31] [32] . In the course of the 1926 All-Union Census, the census takers were instructed not to record the respondents of the Little Russians in any way [33] .
In the Ukrainian historical literature of the period of the Ukrainian SSR the term "Little Russia" was also used quite rarely.
The term Little Russia in our time
In both Soviet and independent Ukraine, the term “Little Russia” is rarely used in historiography. The historical names of the regions of Ukraine ( Poltava , Chernihiv , etc.) are commonly used as historical symbols. However, it is allowed to use the term “Little Russia” as a reference to past administrative-territorial units, for example, in articles and monographs on the Little Russian province [34] , the Little Russian general-governorship [35] , etc.
See also
- Little Russian province
- Great Russia
- Small Russia or Ukraine?
- Little Poland
- Small Armenia
Notes
- ↑ Little Russia - Max Fasmer Etymological Dictionary of Russian
- ↑ Large Encyclopedic Dictionary. Little Russia
- ↑ Little Russia - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- ↑ Florea B.N. On some features of the development of ethnic identity of the Eastern Slavs in the Middle Ages - Early New Age // Russia-Ukraine: history of mutual relations / Otv. ed. A.I. Miller, V.F. Reprintsev, M., 1997. P. 9-27
- ↑ A. V. Kartashev Essays on the history of the Russian Church. Volume 1 (inaccessible link) . Circulation date May 4, 2011. Archived December 22, 2011.
- ↑ Ukraine. Chronology of rozvitku. - volume 3. - K., KRION, 2009, ISBN 978-966-16-5818-8 , p.98-99
- Ина Rusina O.V. Ukraine Іn tatars і Lithuania. - Kiev: Vidavnichy dim “Alternatives”, 1998. - p. 274. (ukr.)
- ↑ M. Grushevsky Іstory of Ukraine-Russia - K .: “Naukova Dumka”, 1994. - T. I. - P. 1−2. (in Ukrainian)
- ↑ Trubachev O. N. In search of unity. - 3rd ed., Ext. - M .: "Science", 2005. - p. 86.
- ↑ Quoted by: Rusina O. Ukraine, Ukraine by the Tatars and Lithuania. - Kiev: Vidavnichy dim “Alternatives”, 1998. - p.276.
- ↑ Part III, section II, article 1. ZAKHARIYA KOPISTENSKIY. CHRISTOMA DIA UKRAINSKO LITERATURES . izbornyk.org.ua. The appeal date is April 9, 2019.
- ↑ The reunification of Ukraine with Russia. Documents and materials in three volumes, t. III, publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, M.-L. 1953, No. 147, p. 257.
- ↑ Sheets Ivan Sirka, ed. Institute of Ukrainian Archeography, K. 1995, p. 13 and 16.
- Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire. 1st edition. SPb., 1830 (PSZ). V. 1. P. 466
- ↑ The transition of Bogdan Khmelnitsky under the protection and care of the Russian tsar "with all the Little Russian pancy" (Ukrainian chronograph on the list of L. Bobolinsky). “In Little Russia, in the North, close to the place of Chernigov” (“Skarbnytsya”). Quoted from: Rusina O. V. Ukraine pid tatars і Lithuania. - Kiev: Vidavnichy dim “Alternatives”, 1998. - p.279.
- ↑ 1 2 Dolbilov M., Miller A.I. The Western Outskirts of the Russian Empire. - Moscow: New Literary Review, 2006. - p. 465-502. - 606 s.
- Changes in the administrative-territorial division of Russia over the past 300 years
- ↑ The national economy of Ukraine in 1921 - the report of the Ukrainian Economic Council STO. Kharkiv 1922 p. 24
- ↑ UNDERSTANDING - Ukrainian Pages (inaccessible link) . The date of circulation is November 19, 2006. Archived March 1, 2007.
- ↑ Shevchenko T. G. Povna zbirka tvoriv. T. 3. K., 1949.
- ↑ Shevchenko T.G. Musician 1854-1855 biennium . - “And, having received an order from Mariana Akimovna in pure Little Russian, left the room.”
- ↑ Shevchenko T.G. Musician 1854-1855 biennium . “By the way, as proof of her knowledge of the Little Russian language, [she] read me two verses.”
- ↑ Shevchenko T.G. Gemini . ““ Excuse me, with great pleasure, ”she replied to me with a barely noticeable Little Russian accent.”
- ↑ Shevchenko T.G. Gemini . - “In the Little Russian works the most respectable prince with all the details reflected the idiot Skovoroda. And the most respectable public sees in these cripples the real Little Russians. "
- ↑ Shevchenko T.G. Gemini . - “The messenger first smiled. But as he himself was a Little Russian [in], then without great difficulty she understood what was the matter. ”
- ↑ Shevchenko T.G. Walk with pleasure and not without morality . - “It was not a German Christmas tree, but the so-called bucket, an indispensable decoration of the wedding table of the Little Russians.”
- ↑ Bushkovich P. The Ukraine in Russian Culture: 1790–1860. The Evidence of the Journals // Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas 39 (1991).
- ↑ Russia. History: Little Russia // Encyclopedic Dictionary of F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron. - S.-PB.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907.
- ↑ Russia - Ukraine: history of relations // RAS, Institute of Slavic Studies; Institute “Open Society”; Ed. Ed .: A.I. Miller, V.F. Reprintsev, B.N. Florea .- M .: Yaz. rus Culture, 1997.
- ↑ Vasil Balusk. Yak Rusin became Ukrainians (transformations of Ukrainian ethnics in the nineteenth and twentieth capital) // Materials to Ukrainian ethnologists: journal. - Kiev, 2014. - pp . 52-57 . - ISSN 2313-8505 . Archived {a.
- ↑ Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary: Maloros (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Ushakov Dictionary: Maloros
- ↑ Zakatnova A. Ukrainians won the Little Russians in a three-century ideological battle // Russian newspaper : newspaper. - 2012, 3 June.
- ↑ Petrova І. “Topographic description of the Malorosiyskoy guberniya 1798–1800 p.” As the basis of the reconstruction of the social and economic history of Liverfree Ukraine of the XVIII century. // Skhd. - Donetsk, 2010. - № 4. - p. 90-95.
- ↑ Shandra V. S. Malorosiyske Governor-General, 1802-1856: Functions, structure, arch. - K., 2001.
Links
- Malorussky Folk Historical Library
- R. Khrapachevsky. Russia, Small Russia and Ukraine
- Miller G. F. Historical writings on Little Russia and Little Russians, Moscow, 1846 on the website Universe
- Bantysh-Kamensky, Dmitry Nikolaevich , The History of Little Russia from the establishment of Slavs in this country to the destruction of Hetmanate, 1903 on the website “ Runiverse ”
- Bantysh-Kamensky, Dmitry Nikolaevich , The History of Little Russia, in 3 tons., 1830 on the site “ Runivers ”
- Rigelman, Alexander Ivanovich , the Chronicle narrative about Little Russia and its people and Cossacks in general on the website “ Runivers ”