Abu Jafar Harun ibn Muhammad , better known as Harun ar-Rashid ( Arabic: هارون الرشيد ; February 766, Rei (or March 17, 763) - March 24, 809, Tus ) - Arab caliph , ruler of the Abbasid caliphate in 1486 ( September) - 809 years.
| Harun Ar-Rashid | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| هارون الرشيد | |||||||
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| Predecessor | al-hadi | ||||||
| Successor | al amin | ||||||
| Birth | March 17, 763 Ray | ||||||
| Death | March 24, 809 (aged 46) Tus , Khorasan | ||||||
| Burial place | Hamid Ibn Gakhtabi Palace, Mashhad | ||||||
| Kind | Abbasids | ||||||
| Birth name | |||||||
| Father | Muhammad ibn Mansour al-Mahdi | ||||||
| Mother | al-haizuran | ||||||
| Spouse | |||||||
| Children | al amin al-mamun al-Mutasim | ||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||
The nickname ar-Rashid ("The Righteous") [1] did not receive from descendants, but from his father, Caliph Muhammad ibn Mansur al-Mahdi , when he was appointed heir to the throne.
The first period of the reign of Harun al-Rashid was marked by economic and cultural prosperity: agriculture, crafts, trade and culture developed. He founded a university and a library in Baghdad. Under his rule, anti-Arab uprisings took place in Dalem , Syria and other areas of the caliphate.
Biography
He was a caliph and ruled with the help of viziers from the Barmakid family, representing the Iranian feudal aristocracy, and after their removal in 803 he ruled alone [2] . This process was accompanied by repressions , during which many representatives of Barmakids were imprisoned or executed (including the famous vizier Jafar , whom the cycle of “ One Thousand and One Nights ” depicts as a friend and constant companion of the caliph on his night trips to Baghdad ) [3] .
The first period of the reign of Harun al-Rashid was marked by economic and cultural prosperity. The Caliph founded a large university and library in Baghdad, encouraged classes in science, poetry and music [3] . The poet Abbas ibn al-Ahnaf , a representative of a generation that refused canonized forms of pre-Islamic poetry, was close to Harun ar-Rashid. Under him, agriculture, crafts, trade and culture (mainly literature) achieved significant development in the Caliphate. At the same time, there were signs of its collapse: anti-government uprisings in Dejlem, Syria and other areas.
The Caliph continued the struggle that had begun before him with Byzantium .
He died in 809 during a military campaign to suppress the rebellion of Rafi ibn Leys in Central Asia. According to legend, his last words were “Oh Immortal! Forgive the mortal. ” [4]
Children who ruled the state after the death of their father
- Muhammad al-Amin - The son of Harun al-Rashid and Zubeida from a noble Arab Hashemite family. Rules by the state from 809 to 813. Overthrown and executed by his second brother Al-Mamun.
- Abdullah al-Mamun - The son of Harun al-Rashid and the Persian concubine. In 813, he overthrew his older brother from the throne and ruled the Abbasid state until 833.
- Al-Mutasim Billah is the youngest son of Harun al-Rashid and a concubine of Turkic origin from Turkestan named Marida. He reigned in 833 and carried out a reform in the army, having formed it almost entirely from the Turks.
Cultural Image
In a poem by Nikolai Glazkov ,
| Was harun al-rashid once The sovereign caliph of Baghdad. And the courtiers, the hypocrites, He, posing as a merchant, Garun al-Rashid was a caliph |
Idealized in the collection of fairy tales “ A Thousand and One Nights” [5] , it is also found in the folklore of the Swahili tribe in fairy tales about Abu Nuwas.
The “ Annals of the Kingdom of the Franks ” report the sending of Harun ar-Rashid the elephant of Aboul Abbas as a gift to Emperor Karl the Great .
See also
- Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
Notes
- ↑ A.P. Ershov, D.E. Knuth. Algorithms in modern mathematics and its applications / Siberian Branch, Computing Center. - Novosibirsk: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1982. - P. 15.
- ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd ed.
- ↑ 1 2 Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary .
- ↑ Article "God-fearing ruler" in the newspaper Arraid
- ↑ 1 2 Natalya Basovskaya: Caliph 1001 nights: a national dream // Radio “ Echo of Moscow ” - That's it, 12/9/2007 13:07
Literature
- Clos A. Harun ar-Rashid and the Times of the Thousand and One Nights / Translation by A. Sanin. - SPb. : Eurasia, 2012 .-- 384 p. - (Clio). - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-91852-017-8 .
- Pyrene A. Empire of Charlemagne and the Arab Caliphate. The End of the Ancient World / Translation by S. Merkulov. - M .: Centerpolygraph, 2011 .-- 342 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9524-4969-5 .