Warren [3] McCallock ( Eng. Warren Sturgis McCulloch ; November 16, 1898 , Orange , New Jersey , USA - September 24, 1969 , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA ) - American neuropsychologist, neurophysiologist, theorist of artificial neural networks and one of the founders cybernetics .
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Biography
He studied , studied philosophy and psychology at Yale University , where he received a bachelor 's degree in art in 1921 . He continued his studies at Columbia University and received a master 's degree in art in 1923 . He received the title of Doctor of Medicine in 1927 at the . Trained at en: Bellevue Hospital Center in New York until he returned to university studies in 1934 . He worked at the Neurophysiology Laboratory at Yale University from 1934 to 1941 , after which he transferred to the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois in Chicago .
He was an active participant in the first group of cybernetics, the “Man-Machine Project,” unofficially created during a conference in New York to work in the form of a seminar on the topic “Cerebral Inhibition” ( Cerebral Inhibition Meeting , 1942 ). Honorary chairman of all ten conferences held from 1946 to 1953 with the participation of members of the cybernetics group (about 20 people in total). McCallock was a professor of psychiatry and physiology at the University of Illinois and held a senior position at the Massachusetts Institute of .
Together with the young researcher Walter Pitts, he laid the foundation for the subsequent development of neurotechnologies. His fundamentally new theoretical justifications turned the language of psychology into a constructive means of describing machines and machine intelligence . One of the ways to solve such problems was chosen by mathematical modeling of the human brain, for which it was necessary to develop a theory of brain activity. McCallock and Pitts are the authors of the model, according to which neurons are simplistically considered as a device that operates with binary numbers . The merit of McCallock and Pitts is that their network of electronic "neurons" could theoretically perform numerical or logical operations of any complexity. For many years, McCallock was engaged in artificial intelligence and managed to find a common language with the world community on the question of how machines could apply the concepts of logic and abstraction in the process of self-training and self-improvement. Specialist in epistemological problems of artificial intelligence.
McCallock’s priority is confirmed by the publication of articles such as “The logical calculus of ideas immanent in nervous activity” ( 1943 ), but after breaking with Wiener, the scientist found himself outside the mainstream studies of cybernetics; for all its significant contributions, McCallock is less known than Wiener, and .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ McCallock Warren // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ed. A. M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1969.
- ↑ The old literature also mentions the erroneous name of William McCulloch (for example, Informatics: Encyclopedic Dictionary for Beginning Risks 1994 ISBN 5-7155-0444-9 ). Inaccurate references say that William McCulloch and Pitts published an article (“A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity”) in 1943, while the article itself was signed by “Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts”. In BDT and TSB, he appears under the correct name - Warren McCallock.
Literature
- Crevier, Daniel. AI: the tumultuous history of the search for artificial intelligence. - 1993.