12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of Russia

• September 1947 - November 1965 - Colonel General (from 05.25.1959) V. A. Bolyatko
• January 1966 - February 1974 - Colonel General of the Engineering and Technical Service (from 25.10.1967) N. P. Egorov
• February 1974 - November 1985 - Marshal of Artillery (from 04.11.1980) E.V. Boychuk
• November 1985 - April 1992 - Colonel General V.I. Gerasimov
• April 1992 - September 1997 - Colonel General E.P. Maslin
• September 1997 - 2005 - Colonel General I.N. Valynkin
• December 2005 - December 2010 - Colonel General V. N. Verkhovtsev ^[2]
• 2010—2017 - Lieutenant General Yu. G. Sych
• Since September 2017, Major General Igor Anatolyevich Kolesnikov.

The deputy head of the department is Major General A. V. Rozhnov ^[3] .

September 4, 1947, the foundation day of the Special Department of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces , is considered the founding date of the 12th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense . Its tasks were to create the first training ground ( Semipalatinsk test site ), study the damaging factors of nuclear explosions and develop means and methods of anti-nuclear defense of troops (forces) and population. Colonel General V. A. Bolyatko was appointed the head of the special department, and Major General N. P. Egorov as his deputy.

On September 20, 1949, the Special Department of the General Staff was transformed into the 6th Directorate of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces , which was entrusted with the functions of coordinating research and development, developing special requirements for the combat use of troops (forces) in the conditions of using nuclear weapons , organizing and conducting tests nuclear weapons, monitoring the activities of special departments in the armed forces. By March 1, 1951, there were 15 atomic bombs of the RDS-1 type in the arsenal of atomic weapons of the Soviet Union.

The storage of atomic bombs was carried out on the territory of the nuclear "facility No. 550" ( KB-11 ) in a specially constructed underground storage facility. The bombs were stored in a disassembled state, the components and components were also in reinforced concrete ground (covered with earth) storages.

As of January 1, 1952, there were already 35 atomic bombs in KB-11:

• 29 atomic bombs like RDS-1: ^[4]

• 2 of them were made in 1949.
• 9 - in 1950
• 18 - in 1951

• 6 atomic bombs of the RDS-2 type manufactured in 1951 (except for the two used in the tests of August 24, 1951 and October 18, 1951)

The preparation of the Air Force for the use of nuclear aerial bombs began at the end of 1951, when, by decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of August 29, 1951 No. 3200-1513, the Ministry of War began to form the first aviation bombing unit with the code name "Training Unit No. 8 ”as part of 22 Tu-4 combat carrier aircraft . Colonel V. A. Trekhin was appointed commander of the unit.

The issue of creating the infrastructure for the storage and operation of nuclear weapons was urgently raised. For obvious reasons, the Special Committee assigned the First Main Directorate of the USSR Council of Ministers to complete this task.
In 1951, the following departments were created in the First Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR:

• accounting and storage of special products;
• special acceptance of parts, assemblies, mechanisms and materials for “501” products (that is, nuclear munitions);
• Department for the construction of special facilities.

At the end of 1950, the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to create a central storage base for nuclear weapons - the Central Processing Bureau, that is, organizations that assemble and store nuclear weapons produced at the plants of the USSR Ministry of Medium Engineering .

The first central storage bases (objects “C”) were:

• In the south of Crimea, military unit (V / Ch) No. 62047 ( Simferopol-10 or Feodosiya-13 ) "Object 712" - commander M.V. Nemirovsky
• In Western Ukraine, military unit No. 51989 (Ivano-Frankivsk-16) “Object 711” - commander A. M. Yakovenko
• In the Moscow region, Mozhaisk (Moscow, K-510) "Object 714" - commander P. A. Krylov
• In the central part of Russia (Novgorod-18) "Object 713" - commander B. N. Filippov

On August 29, 1951, a decision was taken by the USSR Council of Ministers No. 3200-1513 on the start of the construction of the first military depots — nuclear bases for storing and preparing for the use of atomic bombs — at four airfield aerodromes located in the towns of Stryi , Soltsy , Bagerovo Machulischi . These military depots of nuclear bombs were given the conventional name - repair and technical bases ( RTB ). These first bases were headed by: in Western Ukraine (Stryi) - commander Zaika, in Crimea (Bagerovo) - commander Kuzovatkin II, in Belarus military unit No. 75367 (Machulishchi) - commander Gusev, in northwestern Russia - V / Part number 75365 (Soltsy, Novgorod region) - commander Shirshov.

The construction and formation of the first four RTBs was completed in 1954. The construction of the first two central storage bases (711 and 712) was completed in 1955.

In 1954, mass production of aviation atomic ammunition ( RDS-3 , RDS-4 ) began, and in 1955 they were first laid down for objects “C” and for objects of repair and technical bases.

Subsequently, the construction of central and military storage bases continued.

Each central storage base for nuclear weapons was assigned several military storage bases, which were provided with nuclear weapons. The pulp and paper mill carried out technical control and technical support of the repair and technical bases of the Air Force and Navy , the mobile repair and technical bases of the RViA SV and PVO , and the repair and technical bases of the Strategic Rocket Forces also provided guidance ^[5] .

The assembly of products was determined by the configuration sheet (VK). Initially, the nuclear munitions came from the manufacturers in disassembled form (according to the VK-1 configuration sheets). At the central bases, the components of the nuclear munition were checked and mounted in the hull. Only in the second half of 1957 did the USSR Ministry of Medium Machine-Building organize storage of nuclear weapons at central bases at a higher degree of readiness.

At the central bases, atomic bombs were planted according to the equipment lists VK-2, VK-3 , VK-4 , and on military bases - according to the equipment lists VK-4 (subsequently - in the degree of readiness of SG-4 ) and higher.

Feature 1955-1956 It was that the military stock of nuclear ammunition at the repair and maintenance bases was kept without nuclear charges, neutron sources, etc. Their delivery to the repair and technical bases was planned during the special period by the assembly crews of objects “C”, where together with the assembly brigades of the latter it was to be carried out final preparation of nuclear weapons for military use.

The military assembly teams that are part of the military nuclear storage facilities for nuclear weapons were subordinate to the Ministry of Medium Engineering (Military Unit No. 04201 - First Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which became the Ministry of Medium Engineering since 1953) ^[6] and only upon the direction of its leadership could start preparing nuclear bombs and issuing them for suspension on carrier aircraft.

On March 12, 1956, a resolution was adopted by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR , which was instructed by the Ministry of Medium Engineering and the Ministry of Defense to submit proposals by July 15, 1956 to transfer to the Ministry of Defense assembly brigades and nuclear bombs located at military bases of the Ministry of Medium mechanical engineering, and by the end of 1956, develop and make a proposal on the timing and procedure for the transfer from the Ministry of Medium Engineering to the Ministry of Defense of the functions for the acceptance, storage and operation of nuclear weapons. By a decree of the Government of the USSR of September 23, 1957, it was ordered by February 1, 1958, to transfer to the Ministry of Defense two central bases for storing nuclear weapons. The transfer of the remaining central bases for storing nuclear weapons was carried out by decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 9, 1958. Until June 1, 1958, all nine central bases with the stored nuclear munitions and personnel by the Ministry of Medium Engineering were transferred to the Ministry of Defense.

From this moment, the operation of nuclear weapons was carried out by central storage bases, military bases of nuclear weapons of the Armed Forces types, mobile bases of nuclear weapons of the types of the Armed Forces, and military units of combat use.

Until December 31, 1961, the assembly of nuclear weapons was carried out in the following military units ^[7] :

• Military unit No. 04201 (PSU under the USSR Council of Ministers, which has become MSM since 1953)
• Military unit No. 25026, Liepaja RTB BF
• Military unit No. 31759 Chelyabinsk (Chelyabinsk region)
• Military unit No. 40274 Sverdlovsk (Sverdlovsk region)
• Military unit No. 39995 Irkutsk (Irkutsk region)
• Military unit No. 41013 Trekhgorny (Chelyabinsk region)
• Military unit No. 41065 Svobodny (Amur Region)
• Military unit No. 51966 Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory)
• Military unit No. 51989 Ivano-Frankivsk-16 (Ukraine, Ivano-Frankivsk region, village of Delyatin)
• Military unit No. 52025 Mozhaysk (Moscow region)
• Military unit No. 62047 Theodosius-13 (Simferopol-32)
• Military unit No. 62834 Olenegorsk
• Military unit No. 71373 Valdai (Novgorod)
• Military unit No. 81388 Danube (Shkotovo-22) RTB Pacific Fleet
• Military unit No. 90989 Balaklava (Sevastopol) RTB Black Sea Fleet

The number of central bases of nuclear weapons in the ten years after their transfer from the USSR Ministry of Environment to the Ministry of Defense doubled.

In the Strategic Missile Forces , their own storage bases (RTBs) were created to interact with the missile divisions of intercontinental missiles. Their assembly brigades were entrusted with the function of independent final preparation of nuclear munitions for combat use (in the 1950s this task was carried out jointly with assembly brigades of central bases).

In 1958, as part of the 6th Directorate, the Nuclear Explosion Control Service was established (since 1960, the Special Control Service).

In January-February 1958, the Main Directorate of Equipment of the Ministry of Secondary Engineering of the USSR was transferred to the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and transformed into the Main Directorate of Special Arms of the USSR Ministry of Defense. In April 1958, it was renamed the 12th GU of the USSR Ministry of Defense.

Then it included the 6th Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

On November 28, 1974, the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense in connection with the achievement of strategic parity and the significant expansion of the tasks of nuclear support of all types of the Armed Forces was withdrawn from the Missile Forces and transferred to the direct subordination of the Minister of Defense of the USSR , and the 6th Directorate was formed in the Strategic Missile Forces ^{[2 ]} .

In 1988, the Nuclear Safety Inspectorate was established on the basis of the department for the management of nuclear warheads at 12 GUMO. In the same year, the formation of a professional emergency rescue service of 12 GUMOs began, which later became the basis for the deployment of a system for responding to possible accidents with nuclear weapons in the Russian Ministry of Defense. Since 1994, the functions of the Nuclear Safety Inspectorate have been expanded and it has been transformed into the Office of State Oversight of Nuclear and Radiation Safety of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

In 1989-1991, on the eve of the collapse of the USSR , 12 GU MO carried out the return of tactical nuclear weapons from the Warsaw Pact countries and the Union republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia to the territory of Russia, and in 1992-1996 - the removal of nuclear weapons from Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to objects of the Ministry of Defense of Russia.

In 1992, to implement measures to implement international treaties on the reduction and elimination of nuclear weapons, the Office for the Elimination and Disposal of Nuclear Ammunition and Their Means of Operation was established. Modern nuclear weapons were subject to primary reductions, and older nuclear weapons that were removed from service due to expiration of the warranty period, Russia was forced to store until it was disassembled in excess of the established time standards for safety conditions. All nuclear weapons storage facilities were overcrowded.

On April 3, 1995, US and Russian defense ministries concluded agreements on the security of nuclear weapons storage and their transportation. The American side delivered 150 super containers to Russia to protect nuclear weapons. In 1996-1997 with US assistance, the physical protection and heat resistance of 115 rail cars for the transport of nuclear munitions was finalized. To improve the physical protection of nuclear weapons storage areas from the United States, alarm systems, video cameras, etc. were supplied.

In 1997, by order of the Minister of Defense of Russia, all military bases of nuclear weapons (except for the Strategic Missile Forces bases) were transferred to 12 GU MO. and in 2002, a number of Strategic Missile Forces nuclear weapons bases were also transferred to 12 GUs.

Since 1996, the 12th GUMO has been participating in the creation of the international monitoring system provided for by the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty .

In 1997, the Center for Nuclear and Technical Support of the Russian Armed Forces was established as part of the GUMO.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 31, 2006 No. 549 established a professional holiday for nuclear support specialists, which is celebrated annually on September 4.

• Nuclear Safety Support Center - Moscow B. Znamensky per. 15, 1

Arsenals (CBH - Central Storage Bases or S facilities)

(1990 - more than 20 bases, 2005 - 14 bases)
At the time of the collapse of the USSR, six types of nuclear weapons were stored at central storage bases:

- Air Force nuclear warheads - aircraft bombs and warheads of aircraft-based cruise missiles
- Aircraft and missile defense RViA SV - tactical ( TR ) and tactical missile ( OTR ) warheads, special artillery shots ( SAW ) - artillery shells and artillery mines
- YaBP Strategic Missile Forces - warheads and missile warheads
- Navy Navy - warheads and warheads of sea-based missiles and coastal missile systems, warheads of anti-ship and anti-submarine missiles, warhead charge units and warheads of torpedoes and torpedo missiles, anchor and ground mines, coastal artillery shells, depth charges and diving "air bombs
- Air defense missile defense - warheads of air defense and missile defense
- nuclear warheads of engineering troops - stationary and portable engineering mines

Special Control Service

military unit 46179 (Moscow Rubtsovsko-Dvortsovaya, 2 (also 10 Matrosskaya Tishina St.)), was formed on May 13, 1958 in the GRU system Formal name: 170th Operational Coordination Center (170th OKC) of the Special Control Service Ministry of Defense of the USSR. In 1992, SSK included 11 separate and 3 radio-seismic laboratories, 4 automated and 3 automatic stations, 5 autonomous seismic stations and 10 remote groups. In addition, sea-based and air-based controls and space assets were used. 4 laboratories were formed in 1954. In the Russian Federation - 18 laboratories. For the detection of nuclear explosions, the following equipment is used:

• K-612-0 Nuclear Explosion Detection Station - manufactured by Tomsk REATON OJSC
• The unified complex for collecting and processing information from observation points K-802-GEO
• Spectrometric equipment of SPC "Aspect"
• ASCC "Materik" - auto system of seismic control ( Research Institute of Pulse Technology , Moscow)

SSC Labs

552 laboratory SSK p. Novy Urgal military unit 29475 Khabarovsk Territory

• Malin Ukrainian laboratory SSK, Zhytomyr region
  • military unit No. 14167 Makarov-1 Ukrainian 12 laboratory SSK, Kiev region ( )
• Miley-Sai Kyrgyz Laboratory SSK sf. in 1974 in the military unit 54286
• Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, SSK laboratory, branch of military unit 11111. ( )
• Khabaz pos, ASP ( )
• military unit 22158 Borovoe pos., Kazakh laboratory of the SSK since 1974 ( )
• military unit 76515 Ulaanbaatar Mongolian laboratory SSK (Expeditionary Group) since 1974, disbanded ( )
• military unit 86665 Bilibino, ChAO
• в/ч 14024 Каменец-Подольский-16, с 1994 по 2004 Укр лаборатория ССК, с 2004 г. — ПН, Хмельницкая обл. ( )
• в/ч 14053 Семипалатинск Казах лаборатория ССК
• в/ч 29481 Актюбинск — Казах отдельная группа ССК
• в/ч 14169 Балта -Юг/ в/ч 59910 Балта-Север, Укр лаборатория ССК, Одесская обл. (учебный центр; / )
• в/ч 41007 Уссурийск Приморского края, посты — с. Григорьевка, с. Утесное. Зональная лаборатория спецконтроля (злск).
• Куба, центр в Лурдесе — автономный сейсмопункт ССК.
• Антарктида — 2 автономных сейсмопункта ССК.
• ОВСК при РД
• в/ч 46179-Л Приозерск (Сторожевое) ( )
• в/ч 41094 Южно-Сахалинск, лаборатория ССК, сейсмопункт ССК.
• в/ч 14098 Сухуми, Эшера ( )

626-й батальон СН?

На 2011 г. отсутствуют по техническим причинам.

Войсковые базы хранения — РТБ (ремонтно-технические базы) и ПРТБ (подвижные ремонтно-технические базы)

По состоянию на 1989 год в республиках СССР находилось стратегических и тактических ядерных боезарядов ^[8]

• РСФСР — 12320
• Украина — 2345
• Белоруссия — 1180
• Казахстан — 330
• Литва — 325
• Латвия — 185
• Туркмения — 125
• Узбекистан — 105
• Молдавия — 90
• Грузия — 320
• Эстония — 270
• Армения — 200
• Таджикистан — 75
• Азербайджан — 75
• Киргизия — 75

В СССР существовало более 200 войсковых Спецобъектов для хранения ЯБП (ядерных боеприпасов)
РТБ (РВСН, ВВС, ВМФ, Инж.войск) и ПРТБ (РВиА СВ, ПВО) напрямую подчинялись 6-м Управлениям родов войск, а 12-м ГУ МО только «курировались» (контролировались). В начале 80-хх гг. ПРТБ и РТБ за пределами СССР были выведены из подчинения 6-х управлений родов войск и переподчинены 12-му ГУМО непосредственно, а остальные были переподчинены уже при РФ во второй половине 90-хх гг.
Особенностью «заграничных» войсковых баз хранения было то, что на некоторых из них также хранились ЯБП, которые должны были передаваться в случае начала боевых действий в части боевого применения (ВВС и РВиА СВ) стран-союзниц по Варшавскому договору (в ЧССР — план «Явор», в ПНР — план «Висла», ГДР, ВНР, Болгария).

РТБ РВСН

При формировании РВСН каждому полку (бригаде) придавалась своя ПРТБ (для наземного старта) или РТБ (для шахтного варианта или стационара), обеспечивающие полки (бригады) боевыми частями в ядерном снаряжении.
При переходе РВСН на ракетные комплексы типа ОС (отдельный старт) в каждой ракетной дивизии осталось по одной РТБ, обеспечивающей все ракетные полки дивизии.

ПРТБ РВиА сухопутных войск

Учебный центр — Коломна в/ч 01543 (41 УЦ)
Во времена СССР по подчинению различали окружные (фронтовые) и армейские (корпусные) подвижные ремонтно-технические базы ракетных войск и артиллерии сухопутных войск. Окружные ПРТБ входили в комплект РВ (ракетных войск) сухопутных войск округов (групп войск — за пределами СССР) и обеспечивали ядерными боевыми частями первого и последующих пусков ракетные бригады окружного подчинения (вооружённых комплексами ОТР: 8К14, 9К72 «Эльбрус», 9К76 «Темп-С», 9К714 «Ока» и крылатыми ракетами С-5). В состав округа (группы войск) могло входить несколько ПРТБ.
Армейские ПРТБ входили в комплект РВиА сухопутных войск армий (армейских корпусов) и обеспечивали ядерными боеприпасами ракетные бригады ОТР (оперативно-тактических ракет) армейского подчинения, отдельные ракетные дивизионы (ОРДН) тактических ракет (ТР) подчинения танковых и мотострелковых дивизий (позже часть ОРДН ТР были сведены в ракетные бригады ТР армейского подчинения, обеспечиваемых теми же армейскими ПРТБ), артиллерийские бригады большой мощности, на вооружении которых находились 152-мм и 203-мм артиллерийские системы и 240-мм миномёты.
Различали специализированные ПРТБ, которые обеспечивали только одну бригаду и соответственно имели ЯБП только одной номенклатуры (чаще окружные ПРТБ), и смешанные ПРТБ, обеспечивавшие части боевого применения различными типами ЯБП (например: ОТР, ТР, САВ).
Следует упомянуть, что среди смешанных ПРТБ в группах войск (за пределами СССР) были даже ПРТБ, обеспечивающие соответствующие в/части авиационными ЯБП (отдельные сборочные бригады в их составе выполняли функции авиационных РТБ).
Подвижные ремонтно-технические базы, которые имели в своём составе технические батареи, обеспечивали части боевого применения (ракетные бригады и отдельные ракетные дивизионы) не только боевыми частями в ядерном снаряжении, но и соответствующими носителями второго и т. д. ударов (носители первого удара хранились в частях боевого применения) — то есть выполняли функции подвижных ракетно-технических баз.

РТБ ВВС

Учебный центр — в/ч 93929 Багерово Крым (192 КУОС 6 упр ГШ ВВС)
РТБ ВВС располагались поблизости аэродромов, на которых дислоцировались части дальней авиации и фронтовой истребительно-бомбардировочной авиации, а также около «аэродромов подскока» для вышеназванных авиационных частей. 841 Учебный Авиационный Центр, в/ч 21662. Кубинка, был создан после ликвидации 192 КУОС, с переводом некоторых преподавателей из Багерово в Кубинку.

РТБ ВМФ

Учебный центр — г. Коломна в/ч 22972 (25 УЦ ВМФ)

ПРТБ ПВО

Учебный центр — в/ч 52446, Кубинка, Московской области

РТБ инженерных войск

Ремонтно-техническая база (РТБ) это специальная войсковая часть осуществляющая эксплуатацию ядерных боеприпасов и их своевременную выдачу частям боевого применения, а также войсковой ремонт в военное время. При формировании РВСН каждому полку (бригаде) придавалась своя РТБ, обеспечивающая их боевыми частями в ядерном снаряжении. При переходе РВСН на ракетные комплексы типа ОС (отдельный старт) в каждой ракетной дивизии осталось по одной РТБ, обеспечивающей все ракетные полки дивизии. ^[9]

• Стратегические ядерные силы Российской Федерации
• Войска воздушно-космической обороны

• Коды номерных знаков ТС ВС России
• 12-Е ГЛАВНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ Министерства обороны Российской Федерации
• Фото Объекта «С» (Гудым), сделанные летом 2008 года.
• Е. Корчагин. Создание ядерного щита Отечества
• Материалы по истории объекта 712 (Кизилташ).