Appeal (Linguistics)

In speech, appeal has two functions, usually implemented jointly:

• appellate (invocation) function;
• expressive (evaluative-characterizing) function.

The independently appealing function of circulation is characteristic of the official areas of communication ( slogans , instructions, appeals, etc.: Soldiers, look at you from the height of these pyramids for forty centuries! ).

In two combined functions, appeal is used in the everyday household sphere, in artistic and graphic speech, expressing not only a call to the addressee of the utterance, but also the attitude of the speaker.

Significant role of appeal as a stylistic figure of poetic syntax .

In the Russian language , the noun in the nominative case or the equivalent word form in combination with a special vocal intonation , and sometimes with a vocal particle “o!” Is used in the function of circulation. In some languages ​​(in most ancient Indo-European - Ancient Greek, Latin, Old Slavonic, of modern Slavic languages it is Ukrainian , Czech , non-Indo-European Georgian ) the appeal has a specialized means of expression - the so-called vocal case . In Bulgarian and Macedonian , the vocabulary form is the remnant of an ancient vocative case. In modern Russian, a new colloquial vocal form is developed by truncating the nominative case ( moms, Sing, Seryozha, children ).

In the punctuation of the Russian language ^[1] :

1. If the appeal is at the beginning of the sentence, then a comma or exclamation mark is placed after it.
2. If the address is in the middle of the sentence, then it is highlighted with commas on both sides.
3. If the address is at the end of the sentence, then a comma is placed before it, and after it the sign that is needed in meaning: a period, an exclamation point or a question mark.

Depending on the relationship between the speaker and his interlocutor, as well as on the situation, the following can be used as an appeal:

• the interlocutor’s family status ( dad , mom , grandmother , grandfather , uncle , aunt );
• civil, social, political or professional status or rank ( citizen , comrade , monsieur , mister , colleague , doctor , soldier , warrior , etc.) with possible combinations (for example: comrade major );
• gender ( man , woman , girl , young man , etc.);
• other ( buddy , namesake, countryman, etc.).

The form of treatment associated with the degree of friendly relations implies the simplification or stylized mutation of names (Mikhail - Misha, Mikhon; Pavel - Pasha, Pashok, Pashka; Natalia - Natasha, Natusya, Tusya, etc.), the formation of derivatives on behalf of the surname or patronymic (Pavlovich - Palych, Aleksandrovich - Sanych, etc.). There are also - as a rule, on the basis of friendly relations - humorous options, in which the formation is also carried out on behalf of a surname or patronymic (Arthur - Arturishche, Tsapkin - Tsap-scratchkin, Stepanovich - Stepanych - Stakanych ( mentioned in the movie "Parade of the Planets" ) etc.).

The underlined familiar form of circulation is distributed mainly among the older generation who use it when referring to their closest acquaintances and friends. Among the younger generation, it is often considered rude and incorrect, sometimes “gopnichesky” ; in such groups, treatment is considered to be rude, rude, emphasized simplified and “down to earth”, akin to nicknames (Khripunov - Hoarse or Hoarse, etc.).

In organizations engaged in any professional activity, the form of appeal is determined by law , charter or corporate policy , which may be unique to a particular organization .

In Russia

For formal use, the name and patronymic are used ( Elena Sergeevna ), for informal treatment - only the name, often its diminutive forms ( Elena or Lena ). In a formal appeal, a surname or position or rank may also be used in combination with one of the address words ( Mr. , comrade , etc.): Mr. Ivanov , Mr. President , and Comrade Major . In the Russian army, the comrade’s appeal has been preserved since Soviet times.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many Russian organizations chose to apply by name as a form of treatment, as is customary in many English-speaking countries. However, according to the rules of the modern business language, the correct treatment in the Russian language is considered formal, that is, by name and patronymic .

• Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - S. 340—341. ISBN 5-85270-031-2

• Greetings and greetings