The Guard of Honor at the Eternal Flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier near the walls of the Moscow Kremlin (also known as Post No. 1 ) is the main guard post in Russia .
| Sight | |
| Post number 1 | |
|---|---|
 Honor guard at the Eternal Flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow, 2015 | |
| A country |  Russia |
| Location | 55 ° 45'18.0 "N 37 ° 36'58.7" E |
| Key dates | |
| January 26, 1924 - the establishment of the guard of honor July 3, 1941 - Transfer to Tyumen during the Second World War April 1945 - Return of the body of Lenin to the mausoleum October 6, 1993 - Abolition of Fasting No. 1 December 12, 1997 - Establishment of an honor guard | |
It was established and installed at the mausoleum in 1924 after the death of V. I. Lenin [1] . In 1993, by decree of the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Post No. 1 was abolished, and in 1997 it was restored in the Alexander Garden at the Eternal Flame . The military service of the Presidential Regiment [2] .
Content
The tradition of guard divorce
A detailed ceremony of changing the guard of honor was developed during the reign of Paul I and was used until the beginning of the 20th century . Under Paul I, the troops appeared in the form of the Prussian model , the army was re-trained according to the new combat order, and the usual ceremony of the shift parade ( guard of honor ) turned into an important state affair with the mandatory participation of the emperor or his heir [3] .
Later, the emperor made several additions to the ceremonial associated with the use of drumming at various times of the day:
| If a change with the ceremony is done when it gets dark, then a new guard is coming, and honor is given without drumming ... If you take the banner and give it the honor, also don’t beat drums and don’t play music ... ”Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Second meeting [4] |
During the time of Tsarist Russia, a divorce was carried out on the square in front of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg or in Peterhof - depending on where the emperor was located [5] .
After the revolution , the Soviet government has its own ceremonial. He appeared on the anniversary of the death of Vladimir Lenin and lasted until the abolition of Post No. 1 in October 1993. In the late 1990s, Post No. 1 was restored at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . The modern procedure for the revived ceremony in 2005 was developed by the military personnel of the Presidential Regiment and employees of the protocol of the President of Russia under the leadership of the Kremlin commandant in coordination with the Heraldic Council under the head of state. When preparing the script, the developers got acquainted with the ceremonies in other countries. The divorce of the guard is symbolic, the most striking moments are the parade ground and the removal of the Russian flag [6] .
Honor guards exist in different countries, some of them are unusual and attractive for tourists. For example, in India and Pakistan , Greece , Fiji , South Korea . The Swiss Guard is a tourist attraction of the Vatican , as are the British guards [7] .
History
Mausoleum Guard
After the death of Vladimir Lenin, the first volunteers organized a guard at his body: peasants living near Moscow, and later - working capitals and delegates of the XI All-Russian Congress of Soviets [8] .
Officially, the guard of honor was established by order of the head of the Moscow garrison Nikolai Muralov of January 26, 1924 . The guard was located at the temporary wooden mausoleum, designed by architect Alexei Shchusev a few days after the death of Lenin. Since Lenin was an honorary red commander of the VTsIK school, the cadets of this school carried the guard [1] .
On January 27, 1924, at 4:00 p.m., Grigory Koblov and Arsenty Kashkin were the first to take office. Sentinels with carabiners were set by the cadet Janos Meysarosh, the head of the guard was the commander of the cavalry division Nikolai Dreyer. The guard of honor consisted of representatives of different walks of life. Koblov and Kashkin are the children of farm laborers , Meisarosh is the son of a railwayman, and the guard commander Dreyer is a nobleman [9] [10] .
| I remember the coffin was lifted and slowly carried to the Mausoleum. I walked on the left, Kashkin - on the right. The rumble of beeps grew and grew stronger. Then the guns hit.Grigory Koblov [11] |
The guards walked along the sides of the coffin, which they slowly carried. At the mausoleum, they turned to face each other and froze with rifles at the entrance. Cadets changed every hour according to the battle of the Kremlin chimes , under the second chime [9] .
In 1925, on the first anniversary of the death of Vladimir Lenin, the guard of honor along with the Kremlin was carried by cadets, Red Army soldiers and commanders of other military schools and regiments of the Moscow garrison. Together with them, the shift at the sarcophagus was carried out by workers and peasants. During this period, the ceremony of changing sentries at the Mausoleum was born [2] .
In 1935, the guard of honor was transferred to the Red Army Kremlin Regiment , which was located in the former barracks of the relocated Military School named after the All-Russian Central Executive Committee . A strict selection went into the company of the special guard. The moral image of the soldiers was extremely important [1] .
| Only those who by their personal qualities have proved the moral right to be near the shrine are credited to the company.Gennady Bashkin, Major General, Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin [8] |
For training, a wooden model of the mausoleum was made. Future sentries of Lent No. 1 worked out daily and brought to automatism the printed Kremlin combat line step, rifle techniques, coordinated movements, as well as the ability to go from Spassky Gate to the post in exactly 2 minutes and 35 seconds, taking 210 steps. At different times, the regiment staff included from 30 to 50 people - from one to one and a half platoons [1] .
With the beginning of World War II , the question was raised about protecting the mausoleum from aerial bombardments and preserving the body of Vladimir Lenin. In accordance with the secret order of the People’s Commissariat of State Security (NKGB) of the USSR on July 3, 1941, the body of Vladimir Lenin was taken from Moscow to Tyumen in a special car of a special train. The train was guarded by employees of the 1st department of the NKGB of the USSR and the commandant's office of the Moscow Kremlin. Post No. 1 was also transferred to a railway carriage. Upon arrival in Tyumen, the guard took up the post as soon as the sarcophagus with the body of Lenin was installed in a new place. At this time, in Moscow at the mausoleum, the guard of honor service did not stop. The body of Lenin was returned to the capital in April 1945 [12] [13] .
In the 1960s, the tradition of periodically setting up paired posts near the mausoleum was revived: veterans who graduated from the VTsIK Military School [2] stood next to the soldiers. Annually, on April 22, Veterans stood at Post No. 1 along with sentries. And on the eve of the October festivities, the wreaths laid by the naval parade regiment became the descendants of the sailors of the battleship “ Potemkin ” and the cruiser “ Aurora ” [8] . November 1, 1967 for the sentries for the protection of the Mausoleum introduced a new dress form [2] .
On July 6, 1976, by order of the chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, on the basis of platoons that served in the Mausoleum and organizationally entered various regiment companies, they created a special guard company. This was done in order to purposefully and efficiently prepare soldiers and sergeants for service at Post No. 1 and to protect the Mausoleum during the hours of visitors' access [8] .
On June 20, 1992, adherents of a religious sect (the so-called "Mother of God Center") numbering about 30 people tried to break into the Mausoleum in order to anathema Lenin. Honor guard servicemen reacted to this attack without the use of force - they simply locked themselves inside the Mausoleum [14] .
In 1993 , after the events of October 3-4, 1993 , Boris Yeltsin abolished Post No. 1 [9] . The order to terminate the guard service at the mausoleum was issued by the head of the Main Directorate of Security. Corporal Vadim Dedkov and Private Roman Poletaev carried the last shift. On October 6, 1993, at 4:00 p.m., sergeant Oleg Zamotkin took the last shift. The sentries turned their backs to the crowd and left through the back door of the mausoleum. And in December of the same year, Boris Yeltsin in the new Charter of the internal service of the Armed Forces of Russia deleted the mausoleum from the list of places to be rendered military honors [1] .
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
In 1997, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the Alexander Gardens near the Kremlin Wall became the new permanent guard of honor guard [15] .
| Now it is here that the place of the main guard of honor of the country, which is logical. This underlines the importance of our victory in World War II and the heroism that the soldiers showed. The tradition of establishing a main post with sentries at military graves exists in many countries of the world. Military honors are given to those who fell, defending the country, the people, and this is completely justified from the point of view of history.Sergey Devyatov, official representative of the Federal Security Service [9] |
Until that time, the Eternal Flame did not have a permanent fast. The company of the special guard is the visiting card of the Presidential Regiment, therefore special requirements are placed on it for physical training and high growth [16] . Sentries were exhibited for the period of ceremonial and commemorative events and the laying of wreaths [2] . For the guard of honor, they approved the order of service and the ritual of changing sentries, and also developed a uniform . The posts were equipped with booths and equipped with technical facilities and communications. In winter, the cabs are heated from below and blown with warm air [1] .
On December 12, 1997, at 8:00 AM, the first sergeant of the guard of honor, Sergeant M.P. Volgunov, brought to the main post of the country the first shift in the composition of corporals R. V. Chernoburov A. G. Gorbashkov [2] .
According to the Decree signed by Boris Yeltsin on December 9, 1997, the changing of the guard took place every hour every day from 8:00 to 20:00. In the solemn ritual of changing the time, the synchronized actions of the participants were worked out to perfection: from an elongated sock to the ground at a distance of 20 centimeters. The movement of the straight line in the knee of the leg goes from the hip, while both the right and left soles fall in one line. This difficult step has remained since imperial times. Soldiers stand at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier for 60 minutes, then rest for 3 hours and go to the post again. Sentries are armed with Simonov’s self-loading carbines [17] , but carbines are mock-ups. In the event of a threat, the guard has the right to use physical force, as well as stab with a bayonet and defend with a butt [2] .
By decision of the head of the Federal Security Service, the guard of honor in exceptional cases may be exhibited at other times [2] [1] . For example, from June 21 to 22, a guard stands around the clock in memory of the beginning of World War II [9] . And on June 3, 2017, the divorce of foot and horse guards was canceled due to the swearing-in of the military: the ceremony included a demonstration of military honorable guards with weapons and a cavalry cavalry carousel [6] .
Every year, on Victory Day , May 9, at the Post No. 1, war veterans and other people gather with a burning candle. Wreaths and flowers are laid at the memorial in memory of those killed for Russia on the battlefields. Heads of foreign delegations during visits to Russia also come to the grave to honor the memory of heroes [2] .
In 2009, the monument to the unknown soldier was given the status of a National Memorial of Military Glory , and the complex itself was supplemented with a stele in honor of cities bearing the same honorary title [18] .
On April 11, 2017, a 36-year-old man from the Smolensk region damaged the Eternal Flame and knocked down the guard of honor [19] .
Post # 1 in Culture
In the mid-1990s, Post No. 1 was emotionally presented in the Russian Project , a series of patriotic television spots shown on ORT . In the story, the mother comes to her son standing on guard at the Post No. 1 at the mausoleum, and the audience asks him to "wave to the mother" [15] .
Links
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Post No. 1 at the Eternal Flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is five years old . RIA Novosti (December 12, 2002). Date of treatment January 1, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Honor guard at the Eternal Flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow . RIA Novosti (December 12, 2012). Date of treatment January 1, 2018.
- ↑ Anisimov E.V. History of Russia from Rurik to Putin. People. Developments. Dates - SPb. : Peter, 2017 .-- 624 p. - ISBN 5-699-10822-X.
- ↑ Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. The second meeting. 1845 C. 242
- ↑ In the Peter and Paul Fortress, the first guard of the year ceremony of divorce Was held . RIA Novosti (June 3, 2017). Date of treatment January 11, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 The ceremony of divorce of guards in the Kremlin was canceled on June 3 due to an oath . RIA Novosti (June 3, 2017). Date of treatment January 2, 2018.
- ↑ Vyacheslav Horovets. In the Peter and Paul Fortress, the first of the year the ceremony of divorce of the guard Was held . RestBee (April 8, 2014). Date of treatment January 11, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Abramov A. Truth and fabrications about the Kremlin necropolis and the Mausoleum . - Moscow: Eksmo, Algorithm, 2005. - ISBN 5-699-10822-X.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 The FSO considers it justified to place Post No. 1 in the Alexander Garden . RIA Novosti (2013-10-04). Date of treatment January 2, 2018.
- ↑ At the Kremlin wall, 1988 , p. 24.
- ↑ Sentinels of Lent No. 1, 1979 , p. 6.
- ↑ Vedeneev V. 100 great secrets of Russia of the XX century . - Moscow: Martin, 2003 .-- 632 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-8475-0130-7 .
- ↑ Sentinels of Lent No. 1, 1979 , p. 57.
- ↑ Five facts from the history of the Lenin Mausoleum . Komsomolskaya Pravda (2013-10-04). Date of treatment January 11, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Development Vectors, 2014 , p. 40.
- ↑ The FSO spoke about the requirements for fasting at the Eternal Flame near the Kremlin . RIA Novosti (May 5, 2017). Date of treatment January 2, 2018.
- ↑ Post No. 1: history and modernity . TVC (October 7, 2015). Date of treatment January 5, 2018.
- ↑ Moscow deputies laid wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . RIA Novosti (February 23, 2017). Date of treatment January 1, 2018.
- ↑ Ruslan Krivobok. Vandal organized a pogrom at the Eternal Flame on Poklonnaya Hill . RIA Novosti (April 11, 2017). Date of treatment January 2, 2018.
Literature
- Vanke A., Polukhina E. Vectors of development of modern Russia: from the formation of values to the invention of traditions // "Eternal Flame" in the Alexander Garden: a symbol of memory in public space . - Moscow, 2014 .-- 316 p.
- Abramov A. Sentinels of Lent No. 1. - M .: Publishing house of political literature, 1979. - 112 p. - 100,000 copies.
- Abramov A. At the Kremlin wall. - M .: Politizdat, 1988 .-- 384 p. - 200,000 copies. - ISBN 5-250-00071-1 .