Drilling

• In the works of the philosopher Confucius, which were written in 600 BC. e., Chinese wells have been described for the extraction of water and salt brines. Such wells were constructed using the shock drilling method and reached a depth of 900 m. From time to time, the Chinese stumbled on oil or gas during drilling, as, for example, in Sichuan, gas was extracted from wells about 240 m deep, which was used to evaporate salt.
• In Russia, until the middle of the 19th century, oil was extracted from wells on the Absheron Peninsula , and already on July 14, 1848, the world's first oil well was drilled in Bibi Heybat using wooden rods.
• Outside Russia, the first oil well was drilled in 1859 in the United States by Colonel Edwin Drake in the vicinity of Titusville ( Pennsylvania ), general representative of Seneca Oil Company. Because of attempts to use drilling to search for and extract oil, the locals thought Drake was crazy. In addition, Drake, according to his own statement, invented the casing, “without which no one could drill in the lowlands where the land is flooded” ^[1] .
• In 1899, an electric drill was patented in Russia. It was an electric motor that was connected to a chisel and suspended from a rope. Already in 1938, its modern design was developed, and two years later the first well was drilled with such an electric drill.
• In 1930, in Europe, a well was drilled from the earth's surface to a depth of 3 km. In the late 1950s, the depth of the drilled wells increased to 7 km.
• Drilling at sea was first carried out in the Pacific Ocean in 1897. In Russia, the first offshore well was drilled in Ilyich Bay on an artificially created island.
• in 1970-1990, the Kola superdeep well (SG-3) was drilled - the deepest parametric well in the world, with a depth of 12,262 meters . ^[2] .

Wells for oil and gas can be systematized as follows:

• structural-search , the purpose of which is to establish (clarification of tectonics , stratigraphy , lithology , assessment of the productivity of horizons) without additional well construction;
• exploration , serving to identify productive objects, as well as to outline the already developed oil and gas reservoirs;
• producing (operational) , intended for the extraction of oil and gas from the bowels of the earth. This category also includes injection, appraisal, observation, and parametric wells;
• injection , designed to inject water, gas or steam into the reservoirs in order to maintain reservoir pressure or treat the bottom-hole zone. These measures are aimed at lengthening the period of the fountain method of oil production or increasing production efficiency;
• advancing producers , used for oil and gas production with a simultaneous refinement of the structure of the reservoir;
• evaluation , the purpose of which is to determine the initial oil saturation and residual oil saturation of the reservoir (and other studies);
• control and observational , designed to observe the object of development of the study of the nature of the promotion of reservoir fluids and changes in gas and oil saturation of the reservoir;
• reference wells are drilled to study the geological structure of large regions in order to establish the general patterns of occurrence of rocks and to identify the possibility of the formation of oil and gas deposits in these rocks.

A drill string is an assembly of drill pipes fastened together by drill locks lowered into the well and designed to supply hydraulic and mechanical energy to the bit, to create an axial load on the bit, and also to control the trajectory of the well being drilled.

Being a drilling tool together with a chisel and a downhole motor, a drill string performs the following functions:

• transmits rotation from the rotor to the bit;
• perceives jet moments from downhole motors;
• feeds a flushing agent to the face;
• brings hydraulic power to the bit and submersible hydraulic motor ;
• presses the bit into the rocks at the bottom, acting by its gravity (the axial load on the bit is created by part of the weighted drill pipe (UBT) included in the composition of the bottom of the drill string (BHA), part of the weighted drill pipe (UBT) serves to tension the drill string.
• provides replacement of the bit and the submersible motor by transporting them to the bottom or to the surface;
• allows emergency and other special work in the wellbore .

• Basarygin Yu. M., Bulatov A. I., Proselkov Yu. M. Drilling of oil and gas wells. - Textbook. manual for universities. - M .: Nedra-Business Center LLC, 2002. - 632 p. - ISBN 5-8365-0128-9 .
• Bashkatov D.N. , Pankov A.V., Kolomiets A.M. Progressive technology for drilling hydrogeological wells. - M .: Nedra, 1992 .-- 286 p. - ISBN 5-247-02228-9 .
• Drilling equipment. - Technical catalog. - M .: "German Printing Factory", 2008. - 265 p.
• Daniel Yergin. Production: A World History of the Fight for Oil, Money, and Power = The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. - M .: Alpina Publisher , 2011. - 944 p. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1252-9 .
• Mir-Babaev MF A brief history of Azerbaijani oil. Book two. - Baku, SOCAR Publishing House, 2012, 288 p.
• The mysteries of deep drilling
• Frick E.L. Drilling // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Petroleum Engineering-Drilling and Well Completions , C. Gatlin (ed.), Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1960.
• Lessons in Rotary Drilling , U. of Texas, Unit II, Lesson 3.
• A Primer of Oil Well Drilling , third and fourth editions, U. of Texas.
• Rotary Drilling Handbook , sixth edition, Je Brantly (ed.) Palmer Pub., New York City.
• Andrew B. Cecala, Andrew D. O'Brien, Joseph Schall, Jay F. Colinet et al. Chapter 3. Drilling and blasting // Dust Protection Manual for Mining and Processing = Dust Control Handbook for Industrial Minerals Mining and Processing . - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2012-110, 2012. - 312 p. PDF translation option