Streets of Barnaul

XVIII — XIX centuries

Barnaul was built up from the very beginning according to a single “regular” plan: the parallel-perpendicular location of the streets gave rise to call them lines, as in St. Petersburg . In 1746 there was only one street in the city - Ryapasovskaya, and a little later there appeared Workshop and Petropavlovskaya ( Polzunov from 1927 ) streets, the development of which began in 1739 - 1740 at the same time as the start of the silver-smelting plant and the formation of a village under it. By 1760, about 10 more streets appeared on the left and right banks of the Barnaulka River in its lower reaches. Those that were parallel to the dam of the factory pond were considered lanes, and perpendicular to the streets ^[2] .

Later, when building blocks of the city, the same principle and procedure were used. The composition dates back to the decrees of 1722 " On the structure of peasant households in burnt and newly built villages and villages " according to model drawings. Each quarter was a rectangular section separated by streets with dimensions of 25 by 42 m, where houses with services and gardens were to be located ^[3] . The active expansion of the urban territory began and by the middle of the XIX century the following streets already existed (in the order of removal from Barnaulka ):

Peter and Paul Street at the beginning of the 20th century

• Malaya Tobolskaya;
• Bolshaya Tobolskaya (since 1910 - Leo Tolstoy Street );
• Petropavlovskaya (since 1947 - Polzunova St. );
• Irkutsk (since 1899 - Pushkin St. );
• Kuznetskaya (since 1902 - Gogol St. );
• Tomskaya (since 1921 - Korolenko St. );
• Biysk (since 1928 - Nikitina St.);
• Pavlovskaya (since 1927 - Anatolia St. );
• Suzunskaya (since 1927 - International Street);
• Berdskaya (from 1927 - Proletarskaya St.).

Neighborhoods in the historic city center were built up with brick and wooden dwelling houses of small number of storeys. In this regard, the development of Barnaul took place in a northerly direction, new streets crossed the floodplain terraces of the Barnaulka River, changing the absolute heights above sea level from 137 to 185 m. By the end of the 19th century, there were:

• Koryakovskaya (since 1927 - Partizanskaya St.);
• 1st Altai (since 1957 - Chernyshevsky St.);
• 2nd Altai (since 1939 - Chkalova St.);
• 3rd Altai (since 1938 - Kirova St.).

Perpendicular to these streets were lanes:

• Ostrogny (since 1927 - Komsomolsky Avenue );
• Mostovoi (since 1938 - Gorky St.);
• Cathedral (since 1921 - Socialist Avenue );
• Moscow (since 1924 - Lenin Ave. );
• Konyushenny (since 1927 - Krasnoarmeysky Prospect );
• 1st Prudskaya (since 1957 - Lane Radishcheva);
• 2nd Prudskaya (since 1938 - per. Tsiolkovsky);
• 3rd Prudskaya (since 1938 - Lane Yadrintseva);
• 4th Prudskaya (since 1938 - Revolutionary Lane);
• 5th Prudskaya (since 1938 - per. Chelyuskintsev);
• 6th Prudskaya (since 1938 - Prudsky per.).

At the same time, the Upland part of Barnaul was systematically built up. Here the streets were parallel to the Ob :

• Bolshaya Zmeevskaya (since 1927 - Avanesova St. );
• German (since 1927 - Denisova St.);
• Mikhailovskaya (now Fomina St.);
• Voskresenskaya (now Tyaptina St.);
• Vaganovskaya (now St. Tretyakov St.).

Bolshaya Zmeevskaya street when leaving the city was replaced by the Zmeinogorsk postal tract , Moskovsky Prospect and Ostrozhny Lane immediately outside the city were transferred to the Moscow (Tomsk) postal tract. In the middle of the XIX century, Moskovsky Lane was the only street in Barnaul where the boulevard was located, and in 1900 it received the status of an avenue and became the main street of the city. The houses were located here: the head of the Altai district, wealthy merchants and industrialists.

XX — XXI centuries

At the beginning of the 20th century, Barnaul was built up on the left bank of Barnaulka , in the northern and eastern directions. By 1907, the 4th and 5th Altai streets appeared (now Peschanaya and Papaninintsev). And by 1923 the city ​​already had 12 Altai streets and 10 Prudsky lanes.

On May 2, 1917, a major fire broke out , destroying wooden and stone buildings in almost 60 blocks of the central part of the city. After that, until the 1930s, in the principles of urban development, the development plan of Barnaul based on the principle of a " garden city " dominated, where the center was to become a perfectly circular area, from which six equally symmetrical radii - boulevards - would depart.

In the mid -1930s, the projected center of the “garden city” shifted toward Tekstilshchikov Square. The first three beam-boulevards intersected with Moscow (Leninsky) Avenue . Further from the avenue, as in mirror image, it was planned to create another urban development complex on the Railway Station Square . Buildings had to form more and more circles, where each subsequent circle is larger than the previous one, but in the late 1930s this project was stopped due to poor implementation, high cost and low efficiency in the context of the country's industrialization ^[4] .

From the 1930s - 1940s, areas north of the railway excavation began to be intensively built up, where new quarters and industrial zones were located. Initially, the function of the main street in this part of the city was performed by Kalinin Avenue . Around him were industrial enterprises evacuated to Barnaul after the start of World War II ( Barnaultransmash , Sibenergomash , Barnaul Radio Plant and others); as well as barracks and dugouts workers. Between modern Northwest Street, Lenin and Kalinin Avenues there was the so-called “dig-city", which was demolished only in 1957 ^[5] . Neighborhoods in the north of the city, erected in the 1940s – 1950s , formed a large working Potok microdistrict, consisting of “ Khrushchevs ” and barracks. Most of the streets here were named according to the same principle as at the beginning of the 20th century , for example: 1st Western, 2nd Western , 3rd Western, 2nd Factory Passage, 6th Factory Passage, 9th Factory Passage . Until today, they have been preserved here in their original form: relatively narrow (from 5 to 15 meters), often with one-way traffic ( E. Alekseeva St., G. Titova St.) ^[6] .

On the western outskirts of the city, near the railway line next to the Pivovarka river basin, there is a private sector that has been actively developing since the 1940s . The streets and alleys passing between the houses formed a dense network of narrow dirt roads crossing river terraces and a ravine network.

Since the 1960s , stream construction has prevailed in Barnaul . First, straight and wide streets were laid, and then buildings were erected. In the 1970s and 1980s, entire microdistricts were built from various series of 9-story residential buildings in the northwestern part of the city (Cheryomushki, Solnechnaya Polyana, Urozhayny) ^{[7]. The} first sleeping areas were connected to the city center and the industrial zone by several major highways: Pavlovsky tract, streets of Anton Petrov , North-West , Popov , Yurin , Lenin Avenue and Cosmonauts ^[6] .

In the 1990s and 2000s, the vector of development of the street network shifted to the western outskirts of the city. New streets are mainly located among the blocks under construction (Baltiyskaya, Shumakova) and connect residential areas with the central highways of Barnaul.

Projects

Since the 1930s, city ​​architects have been developing the idea of ​​building the Ob Boulevard , which should go from Sovetov Square to the banks of the Ob . As a result, since the 1950s, the boulevard has advanced only a quarter from Lenin Avenue to Komsomolsky Avenue .

In 2007, the Russian Institute of Urban Studies ( St. Petersburg ) developed a new general plan ^[8] , according to which the development of the city road network should take place with the maximum use of the geo-economic position of Barnaul. One of the main elements in the general plan was the project of an automobile tunnel connecting Krasnoarmeysky Prospekt and Yurina Street , under the railway tracks and Victory Square . This should reduce the traffic load on Lenin Avenue .

Other major master plan decisions include expanding the city’s streets and building a 13-kilometer-long Central Arc Highway. The highway should go around the business district from the west and north, thereby relieving the city center and initiate the development of a new public and business district along Kommunarov Avenue. In addition, it is planned to build the Ob and Mamontov highways in Barnaul , connecting the right bank of the Ob and the western part of the city.

The construction of a bypass road near Barnaul, the project of which was proposed by the regional administration in 2016, was approved by the Glavgosexpertiza of Russia in December 2018.

In 2019, the construction of the highway bypassing the city should begin. It will be followed by freight and passenger transit vehicles. The design documentation assumes expenses of 50 billion rubles, for which the road workers must lay 68.1 km of a new road through the territory of Pervomaisky, Pavlovsky and Kalmansky districts of the Altai Territory and the urban district of Barnaul . The project provides for the construction of a new bridge across the Ob (near the village of Bobrovka) with a length of 2.4 thousand meters. The road will also pass through ducts that will block four more new bridges. The new highway will help relieve the city’s roads suffering from traffic jams and contribute to the safety of the roadbed ^[9] .

As one of the sources of financing, designers suggest the use of funds received as a result of the Plato system ^[9] .

The toponymy of Barnaul from the middle of the 18th to the end of the 19th centuries was formed gradually in a natural way, without experiencing external influences. The streets were called ^[10] :

• in churches and cathedrals: Peter and Paul Street. Cathedral Lane Trinity Lane .;
• in warehouses, institutions, factories: Porokhovaya St., Konyushenny , Observatory lanes;
• by structures: Bridge, Dam alleys;
• on the functions they carry out related to trade: Trading, Khlebnaya streets;
• in the direction of industrial points located outside the city: Zmeevskaya st. , Pavlovskaya St. (Pavlovsky silver-smelting plant), Suzunskaya St. (Suzunsky smelter);
• in direction, with respect to other settlements: Berdskaya (Berdsky fort), Biyskaya (Biyskaya fortress), Tomskaya ( Tomsk province ), Kuznetsk (Kuznetsk fort), Moskovsky per. (tract to Moscow and St. Petersburg ).
• by the names of individuals, the first residents of Barnaul and immigrants: Irkutskaya st. , Olonskaya St., Tobolskaya St. ;
• by the names of the chiefs, managers: Vaganovskaya st. (F.S. Vaganov - manager of the Barnaul factories ), Boldyrevsky per. ( V.K. Boldyrev - Head of the Altai District);
• according to the names of the owners of summer cottages and lodges: Alekseevsky lanes (Alekseev’s cottages), Lazarevsky (Lazarev’s cottages), Sukhovsky ( Sukhov’s cottages).

Mass renaming of streets began at the end of the 19th century . The streets in the historical center of the city received the names of famous Russian writers and poets ( Pushkin , Gogol, Gorky, Nikitin, Tolstoy , Tachalov, Belinsky, Korolenko ). After 1917, a significant part of the streets received ideological names: the names of the participants in the revolution and the civil war (Anatoly, Kolyado, Sukhov, Alekseeva , Vekhovsky, Avanesov , Prisyagin, Mamontov, Lenin , Kalinin , Dzerzhinsky) and names associated with the change in the social system ( Socialist , Red Army , Komsomol , Soviet, Communist, Communards, International) ^[11] .

In the 1950s and 1960s, the streets of Barnaul were named after the Heroes of the Soviet Union (Smirnov, Matrosov, Kashcheeva, Petrov , Yurin , Isakov). Later, the streets received names in honor of anniversaries associated with the history of the USSR (40 years of October, 50 years of the USSR); economic and political figures of the Altai Territory (Kulagin, Georgiev, Shumakov, Solntsev); famous fellow countrymen ( Shukshina , Titova).

The names of some streets reflect their geographical location or terrain: Zarechnaya, Gorskaya, Krutaya, North-West .

The aesthetic orientation in street names, manifested in the late XX - early XXI century , is caused by an attempt to create an impression that is neutral and free from the current political situation. The newly appearing streets of the city get quite sonorous names: Tomsk Musketeer Regiment, Lotsmanovskaya, Alpine Ski, Open, Bagryanaya, Mastovy Lane ^[12] .

In the XVIII - XIX centuries, the streets of Barnaul were unpaved. The experiments on filling them with slag from a silver smelter in the 1820s were unsuccessful: the slag was dispelled by the wind, settled on houses and penetrated inside the premises. Through the efforts of the head of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories P.K. Frolov ( 1817 - 1830 ), much was done to improve the streets of the city: a number of stone buildings were erected, gardens at the buildings of the Mining School, hospital, mountain archive and in front of the houses of wealthy Barnaul people were demolished ^[13] .

A boulevard was created in Moscow Lane ; Alleys were laid along Soborny Lane to Peter and Paul Street. ; along the factory pond between Konyushenny and 1st Prudsky lanes; along Barnaulka from the factory to Moscow Lane .

The city authorities fought against flooding and swamping of the streets: floodplains were poured, marshy areas were drained, drainage channels and ditches were constructed. In 1891, the most boggy streets of the city were drained - Bridge Lane and Olonskaya Street.

The paving of the streets began only at the beginning of the 20th century from Pushkin Street . In 1927, Socialist Avenue and Gogol Street were paved, with a total length of 3.5 km. By 1940, paved streets were 19 km long, and in 1952, 60 km. С 1950 года началось массовое асфальтирование улиц Барнаула , и к 1970 году уже было 238 км заасфальтированных дорог (41 % от общей длины), а в 1999 году — 542 км (71 %) ^[1] .

В начале XXI века из-за износа дорожного покрытия особое внимание стало уделяться капитальному ремонту улиц. В 2004 — 2007 годах асфальтовое покрытие было заменено на проспектах Строителей , Калинина , Красноармейском ; улицах Солнечная Поляна , Аванесова , Э. Алексеевой , Трактовой, Советской Армии, Юрина , а также на Павловском тракте ^[14] .

Улицы Барнаула несут одну из своих важнейших функций — транспортную. Спроектированные и проложенные ещё в 1960-х и 1970-х годах магистрали сегодня уже не справляются с этой задачей. Уровень автомобилизации населения увеличился в 3—4 раза, при этом дорожная сеть осталась на прежнем уровне ^[15] . Железная дорога , проходящая через город с северо-востока на юго-запад, разделяет его на две части, которые имеют между собой слабую транспортную связь. Спальные районы, находящиеся на северо-западе Барнаула , соединены напрямую с центром города всего 3 улицами: Павловским трактом , проспектами Ленина и Калинина . На них в «часы пик» лежит основная нагрузка пассажирского и личного транспорта. Кроме того, плотность движения велика на проспекте Строителей , улицах Юрина , Сухэ-Батора и Северо-Западной . Также, причиной пробок является недостаточная ширина центральных улиц: они имеют всего 2—3 полосы для движения ^[16] .

11 трамвайных и 5 троллейбусных маршрутов охватывают как центральную часть Барнаула, так и районы на окраине города. Наиболее обеспеченные городским пассажирским электротранспортом: проспекты Красноармейский , Строителей , Ленина , Космонавтов ; улицы Малахова , Попова , Антона Петрова и Северо-Западная .

По состоянию на 2007 год , в городе действовало более 150 автобусных маршрутов, которые охватывают практически все основные улицы Барнаула ^[17] . Центральной транспортной развязкой города является Площадь Октября , которая была предусмотрена генеральным планом 1937 года . На ней распределяются почти все потоки городского транспорта: по проспекту Калинина — к северной промышленной зоне и к старому мосту через Обь , по проспекту Ленина — к спальным районам города и в центр города (в том числе и по улице Советской), по проспекту Строителей — к железнодорожному вокзалу и на Павловский тракт .

В 2008 году городскими властями представлена программа борьбы с транспортными пробками и развития сети городских дорог. Согласно её положениям, светофоры на проспекте Ленина будут работать по принципу «зелёной волны», которая позволит ехать водителям, всё время попадая на зелёный сигнал. Это нововведение должно увеличить скорость движения автомобильного транспорта по улицам города на 20 %. Кроме того, в планах: расширение центральных проспектов и перенос трамвайных путей на северный путепровод через железнодорожную выемку и проспект Калинина ^[18] .

• Список улиц Барнаула

• Barnaul: Encyclopedia / Ed. V. A. Skubnevsky . - Barnaul: Publishing house Alt. state University , 2000. - ISBN 5-7904-0140-6 .
• Edited by Revyakin V.S. Barnaul. Scientific reference atlas. - 2nd, rev .. - Novosibirsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "PO Enggeodeziya" Roskartografii, 2007. - 102 p.
• Street names of the city of Barnaul: Historical and linguistic description / Otv. ed.L. M. Dmitrieva. - Barnaul: ASU, 2004 .-- 632 p.