Kaifeng

In the era of Wozen and Autumn, the Zheng Chuang-gun built a fortress in these places to protect army depots, called Qifeng (启封). When the emperor Jing-di , whose personal name was Liu Qi, entered the throne of the Han empire, due to the practice of taboo on names in order to avoid the use of the taboo character "qi", Qifeng was renamed Kaifeng.

In 364 BC e. the kingdom of Wei built in these places its new capital, called Dalian. At this time, a large number of irrigation canals were built around the city, which connected to the Yellow River basin. When in 225 BC e. the state of Wei was conquered by the kingdom of Qin , the city was destroyed and abandoned, and in these places the county of Junyi (浚仪 县) was formed, subordinate to the county of Sanchuan (三 川 郡). Under the Han Empire in 122 BC e. these places were subordinate to Chenl County (陈留 郡).

Under the Empire of Eastern Wei, in 534, Kaifeng County (开封 郡) was allocated from Chenlu County; at the same time, the Liangzhou (梁州) region was established, to which Chenli, Kaifeng, and Yangxi districts were subordinate. Under the Northern Zhou Empire, the Liangzhou region was renamed Bianzhou (along the Bianshui River). Under the Sui Empire, these places were connected with the Great Channel of China (of which the Bianshui River became a part), which provided communication and food delivery from the west of Shandong province. Under the Tang empire, in 781, the imperial relative Li Mian was appointed Bianzhou zedushi , and significantly strengthened the administrative center of the region. When in 784, General Li Sile rebelled against the Tang power and declared himself emperor of the state of Chu, he made Bian (returning to him the name Dalian) his capital (two years later he was poisoned, and the rebellion died down).

In the Period of the Five Dynasties, the Bien was the capital of the states of Late Jin (936–947) , Late Han (947–950) and Late Zhou (951–960). During the Song empire (after 960), Bian again became the capital and began to grow. As the capital of Suna, the city strengthened significantly, the population reached 400,000 people, on both sides of the city wall. The city suffered from typhoid epidemics. In the XI century, the city grew and concentrated in itself the country's trade and industry, four main channels crossed here. Now the city was surrounded by three rings of walls, the population is estimated at 600-700 thousand people. According to some estimates, Kaifeng from 1013 to 1127 was the largest city in the world ^[1] . In 1127, the Jurchen were able to conquer the city and made it the capital of the puppet state of Chu , soon liquidated. Although the city remained important under the Jurchen Jin Empire , only the center behind the inner wall remained populated, the rest of the city was abandoned. From 1157 (according to other sources from 1161), Kaifeng became the southern capital of the Jurchen, the city was rebuilt ^{[2] [3]} . Until 1214, the main capital remained in the north, but in 1214 the courtyard was moved to Kaifeng during the Mongol invasion . In 1234, under the pressure of the Mongols and Suna troops, the city fell, the Mongols occupied Kaifeng, and by 1279 they conquered all Chinese lands. In 1288, the Bianyang region (汴梁 路) was formed.

After the founding of the Ming empire in 1368, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang personally arrived at these places, and renamed Bianliang to Kaifeng; the authorities of the Kaifeng City Council (开封 府), into which the Bianyang region was transformed, were located here. When Beijing became the capital of the country in 1379, the emperor made his fifth son, Zhu Su, the “Zhousky Prince” with Kaifeng as a residence; then the authorities of Henan Province were located in Kaifeng. In 1642, the city was flooded with the Yellow River , when the Minsk Army opened dams to prevent the advance of Li Zicheng's troops. After the flood, the city was again abandoned.

During the Qing Empire , Emperor Kangxi rebuilt the city in 1662, the Kaifeng Government was re-established, and Kaifeng again became the seat of power of the Henan Province. In 1841, the city was destroyed by another flood and rebuilt in 1843. The modern city was formed after this construction.

After the Xinhai Revolution , administrative structure reform was carried out in China, and the councils were abolished. In 1914, Kaifeng County (开封 县) appeared, and in 1929 its urbanized part was allocated to the city of Kaifeng. In 1938, during the Sino-Japanese War, the city was taken by Japanese troops; Kuomintang authorities fled to the west, and the Japanese created puppet authorities under their control in Henan Province and made Kaifeng their residence.

During the Civil War, Kaifeng was taken by the Communist forces at the end of 1948; Kaifeng Special City (开封 特别 市) was formed, and rural counties became part of Chenliu Special District (陈留 专区). In November 1949, part of Kaifeng County was allocated to the Kaifeng Suburban District. In 1952, the Chenli Special District was annexed to the Zhengzhou Special Region. In 1954, Henan provincial authorities moved from Kaifeng to Zhengzhou ; Lanfeng and Kaocheng counties were merged into Lancao county. In 1955, the authorities of the Zhengzhou Special Region moved to Kaifeng and the Zhengzhou Special Region was renamed the Kaifeng Special Region (开封 专区). In 1958, Kaifeng was demoted and became subordinate to the authorities of the Special Region, and Chenli County was annexed to Kaifeng County. In 1962, Kaifeng again became a city of provincial subordination. In 1970, Kaifeng Special District was renamed Kaifeng County (开封 地区). In 1983, Kaifeng County was disbanded, and its constituencies Qixian, Tongxu, Weixi, Kaifeng and Lankao were subordinated to the authorities of Kaifeng City.

In 2005, Kaifeng Suburban District was renamed the Jinming District (金 明 区).

In 2014, Jinming District was annexed to Longting District, and Kaifeng County was transformed into Xiangfu District; Lankao County was withdrawn from Kaifeng and transferred directly to the authorities of Henan Province.

The chemical, machine-building, cotton, food industries are developed.

Kaifeng City District is divided into 5 districts, 3 counties:

• Daishingo-sy ( 大 相 国寺 ) is the famous Buddhist temple of 555 .
• Baogong Ancestral Temple ( 包公祠 ) - built in memory of prominent officials of the Song Dynasty.
• The Iron Pagoda (Chinese 鐵塔 ; Theta , 1041 - 1044 ).

• Samburova E.N. Kaifin // Big Russian Encyclopedia. M .: BDT, 2008. Ss. 469-470.

• Kaifeng - information about the territory, population and history of changes in the administrative-territorial division on the site 行政 区划 网(Chinese)
• Photos of Kaifeng