Soyots ( soyed, soyyit, sayayat ) are the indigenous people living in the Oka district of the Republic of Buryatia . They represent one of the sub-ethnic groups in the Buryat people [3] [4] [5] [6] . In view of the original history, starting with the All-Russian population census of 2002, they are considered as one of the indigenous small peoples of Siberia .
| Soyots | |
|---|---|
| Modern self-name | Soed, sooyt |
| Abundance and area | |
| Total: 3608 [2] | |
| |
| Tongue | Buryat , Soyot |
| Religion | shamanism , buddhism |
| Included in | Mongolian peoples , Turkic peoples |
| Related peoples | Tsaatans |
| Origin | Mongols , Turks , Samoyeds |
Content
Abundance and resettlement
According to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, the number of Soyots in Russia was 3608, of which 3579 were in Buryatia.
The number of Soyots in settlements (2002) [7] :
- Ulus Forty - 614
- Orlik village - 569
- Khuzhir village - 314
- Ulan-Ude city - 191
- Hurgh ulus - 159
- Boxon Village - 139
- Ulus Alag-Shulun - 134
History
Soyots are descendants of Sayan samoyans , who were part of the oldest population of the Eastern Sayans , remaining within their ancestral home. Subsequently, they underwent Turkization , which primarily encompassed the language and only partially affected the economy, material culture and the worldview system. The first written sources about Soyot tribes date back to the 17th century. These are Russian order books - “Tales” of Cossacks and service people.
With the settlement of the East Sayans by the Buryat tribe of the Hongorods, the Soyots married Buryats. There was a second change of language, its buryatization, but in the economic life of the Soyots they kept the traditional way - they remained reindeer herders and hunters. By that time, they were already recorded during the census as being drilled, although they preserved their culture and ethnic identity. Only the 2002 All-Russian Population Census took into account the Soyots as a separate nation.
Language
Initially, the Soyots spoke a extinct language that belonged to the Samoyed group of the Uralic language family . Subsequently, the Soyots were subject to Turkization and switched to the Soyot-Tsaatan language (close to Tuvan ), still having some circulation among them, and also spread in Mongolia in the Tsaatan version.
Later, Soyots underwent complete assimilation with the Buryats, switching to the Buryat language of the Mongolian group of the Altai language family . According to the All-Russian population census of 2002, out of 2739 Soyots, 2623 people spoke the Buryat language. (96%), and 2429 people. - also Russian (89%) [8] .
For the revival of the Soyot language in 2001, for the first time for it (the Soyot version of the Soyot-Zaatan language ), a script based on the Cyrillic alphabet was developed, the publication of the primer and teaching aids began. In 2003, the Soyot-Buryat-Russian Dictionary was published. Since 2005, the gradual introduction of language teaching began in the elementary grades of Soyot schools in the Oka district of Buryatia [9] .
Traditional Activities
The main occupation of Soyots over the centuries, as now, is nomadic reindeer herding and yagovodstvo [10] . As an auxiliary trade, hunting remains.
Society
The basis of the traditional social organization is the union of several clans, headed by a council of tribal elders. The national Soyot holiday Zhogtaar (“Meeting”) was revived, which in 2004 was renamed Ulug-Dag (“Great Mountain” - in honor of the patron mountain of Burin Khan) [9] . Since 2008, the Samaev readings , a series of events dedicated to the protection of the cultural heritage of small nations, have also been held on holiday days [11] .
Generic composition
The genera Soyot, Irkit , Haasuut and Onhot are known [3] . Soyots are noted in the composition of Oka , Tunka , Zakamensky , Olkhon [3] and Verkholensk Buryats [5] . The Haasuts are part of the Oka Buryats [3] . Onhots, according to Ayuudain Ochir, are descendants of medieval onguts . Soyots-Onhots are a small fragment of an ancient ethnos that took part in the formation of a number of modern Mongolian clans (see onguts as part of the Mongolian peoples ) [12] .
According to B.Z. Nanzatov, the carriers of the ethnonyms Irkit and Irhidei (Erhidei) may be of close origin. At the same time, the genus Irhidei became part of the Bulagates , presumably back in the Kuryk era, while the Irkites became part of the Buryats in the 18th – 19th centuries [4] . The genus Irkit is a part of the Tunkinsky and Okinsky Buryats; the Bulagat clan Irhidei - as part of the Idinsk Buryats [3] (as part of the Idin tribal association overtake Olon) [13] . According to the number of signs, the genus Erhidei included the I and II Erhidey clans. The genus Erhidei includes the subgenus galbantan [5] .
Representatives of the following clans live in Mongolia : soyoyon, har soyoyon, haasud, erhid [14] (irgit) [15] , one among the Darkhats; soyoen [14] (soyan) [15] (incl. Hertek, Belmey, Salchak ) [16] , soyohn kyrghiz [17] among the Tsaatans ; onguda (onkhod), soyohn, ulan soyohn, erhit [14] (irkid), Khasakhan irkid [18] among the Altai Urikhaytsy . A part of the Irkit and Kaysot (Haasut) genera also took part in the formation of the Khubsugul Urikhayts [14] . As part of the Khubsugul Haasuts, the genera Halyush, Irkhyt (Irkit), Haasut, and Artamyk were noted [19] [20] .
In addition, people of the following family names live in Mongolia: soyed, soyoin, ag soyoen, agwan soyoen, ak soyoen, borjigon soyoin, kyzyl soyoin, soyoo, soyoed, soyoon, soyoot, soyoin, soyan, soyan, Ulaan soyed, Ulaan soyoin, Ulaan Soyan, Uriankhai Soyoin, Urianhai Ulaan Soyoin, Khar Soyoin, Khar Soyoin Khoyd, Khar Soyan, xөh Soyoin, Tsagaan Soyed, Tsagaan Soyoin, Tsagaan Soyode, Tsagaan Soyan, Ball of Soyoen; aday irgid, galzhan irgid, jod irgid, irgid, irgit, irgad, irgen, irkit, irkat, irkhid, irkhit, irkhed, irkhet, mool irgid, ulug irgid, chood irgid, chood irgid, shungur ergid, erg, erg, erg, erhүү, erhүүd, erhad, erhat; haasuud, haasud, hasud, hasuud [21] .
The following genera are mentioned in the Irkits of Mongolia: Adai Irgid, Ak Irgid, Galzhan [14] (Galchan, Kalchan) [22] Irgid, Ortsog Irgid, Chood Irgid, Mol Irgid, Kara Irgid, Shunguur Irgid, Ulug Irgid [14] , bagg irgid, ool irgid, aryg (jinhe) irgid, gazak irgid, biche irgid, zhangyir irgid, kyzyl irgid, mungush irgid, dungush irgid, dongak irgid, өөled ed irgid, irgid kheg [22] , ulos irgid 23 Kuljun Irgid [24] . The name of the genus galzhan is a variation of the Buryat-Mongol ethnonym galzuud, the name of the genus mool is the ethnonym Mongol [14] .
On the territory of aimak Khovd , the holders of the generic names Soyan and Irgit live. The genus Irgit includes branches: Ak Irgit, Ulug Irgit, Adai Irgit, Mool Irgit, Kalchan Irgit, Jod Irgit. The Soyan group consists of two genera: Ak Soyan and Kara Soyan. The ak soyan clan includes branches: kyzyl soyan, deleg, dzhulzhinat, bourguud, agwan, saryg, oyun, shuduvak, jirvek; the clan Kara Soyan - Kyzyl Soyan, Kara-Tosh, Kara-sal, Ongad [15] [25] .
In aimak Bayan-Ulgiy, the genus of kara soyan is represented by the branches kara-sal, kara-tosh, shanagash, kara saaya, hoyt, mool oorzhak; clan ak soyan - branches of saryglar, agban, deleg, bourguud, tos kirish, cossack kyrgys, shuudak, oyun. Also here live ak irgit, shunguur irgit, adai irgit, choodu irgit [15] [25] .
Tribal groups of Soyan and Irgit also live in China . Soyans here include the following branches: Ak Soyan, Kara Soyan, Kyzyl Soyan, Kok Soyan; Irgits - Ulug Irgit, Scourges Irgit [15] [25] .
See also
- Buryat ethnic groups, tribes and clans
- Mongolian peoples
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 All-Russian Population Census 2010 .
- ↑ Results of the 2010 All-Russian Census - The national composition of the population of Russia
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Nanzatov B.Z. The tribal structure is drilled in the 19th century // Peoples and cultures of Siberia. Interaction as a factor in the formation and modernization. - 2003. - S. 15-27 .
- ↑ 1 2 Nanzatov B.Z. Ethnogenesis of the Western Buryats (VI – XIX centuries) . - Irkutsk, 2005 .-- 160 p. - ISBN 5-93219-054-6 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Baldaev S.P. Genealogical legends and traditions are drilled. Part 1 - Ulan-Ude, 1970.
- ↑ Yurin V.E. Two trips in one bottle or Farewell to the Sayans Neopr . docplayer.ru. Date of treatment November 12, 2018.
- ↑ Microdata database of the All-Russian Population Census of 2002 .
- ↑ Census of 2002. Proficiency in the languages of the peoples of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation .
- ↑ 1 2 Rassadin V. I. On the problems of the revival and preservation of the languages of some small Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia (by the example of the Tofalar and Soyot languages) (report at UNESCO). Archived October 24, 2008.
- ↑ "Nature of Baikal." Soyots of the Eastern Sayan .
- ↑ Ulug-Dag and its princesses holiday Archival copy of November 13, 2017 on the Wayback Machine (Smuggling, September 12, 2011).
- ↑ Ochir A. Mongolian ethnonyms: questions of the origin and ethnic composition of the Mongolian peoples / Doctor of History E.P. Bakaev, Doctor of History K.V. Orlova. - Elista: KIGI RAS, 2016 .-- S. 133-135. - 286 p. - ISBN 978-5-903833-93-1 .
- ↑ Nanzatov B.Z. Idinsky Buryats in the 19th century: ethnic composition and resettlement . CyberLenink. Date of treatment July 4, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nanzatov B.Z. Ethnic composition and resettlement of the peoples of the Mongolian Altai and Prikhubsugul at the beginning of the 20th century // Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Series: Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology. - 2013. - No. 2 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Mongush M.V. Tuvans of Mongolia and China: ethno-dispersed groups (history and modernity) . - "Science", 2002. - 156 p. - ISBN 9785020306448 .
- ↑ Nanzatov B.Z. On the ethnogenesis of Tsaatans, Darkhats, and Khubsugul Uryankhayis (based on ethnonymy materials) // World of Central Asia-2. - Ulan-Ude, 2008 .-- S. 51-56.
- ↑ Ү э э э өө өө х х х у у у у у у у . - Ulaanbaatar, 2018 .-- 144 p.
- ↑ Dongak A.S., Badarch B., Saaya O. M. Ethnocultural traditions of the Urian people of Mongolia (based on field research) // Asia and Africa today. - 2018. - No. 8 . - S. 68-74 .
- ↑ Ethnic and historical-cultural ties of the Mongolian peoples . - BF SO AN SSSR, 1983. - S. 98. - 147 p.
- ↑ Danilova Z. A. Labor immigrants: adaptation in the host society: regional aspect . - IMBT, 2009 .-- S. 20. - 227 p. - ISBN 9785792503250 .
- ↑ Ү э э э э Хор Хор Хор Хор оо не Э э эҮ э Хор Хор Хор Хор Date of treatment January 4, 2019.
- ↑ 1 2 Ganbold O. M. Khovdyn tuvachuudyn ovgyin bүreldekhүүn // Ancient cultures of Mongolia, Baikal Siberia and Northern China. - 2016. - October. - S. 208-2014 .
- ↑ Studia ethnologica Instituti Historiae Academiae Scientiarium Mongolii . - ShUA-iĭn Tu̇u̇khiĭn Khu̇rėėlėngiĭn Ėrdmiĭn Zȯvlȯl, 2006.- P. 135. - 168 p.
- ↑ Mongol ovog aymguud . Date of treatment January 4, 2019.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Tuvans of Mongolia and China . docplayer.ru. Date of treatment November 15, 2018.
Links
Literature
- Soyots / Zhukovskaya N.L. // Saint-Germain Peace 1679 - Social Security. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2015. - P. 628. - ( Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 30). - ISBN 978-5-85270-367-5 .
- Soyots // Siberia. Atlas of Asian Russia. - M .: Top book, Theory, Design. Information. Cartography, 2007 .-- 664 p. - ISBN 5-287-00413-3 .
- Soyots // Peoples of Russia. Atlas of cultures and religions. - M .: Design. Information. Cartography, 2010 .-- 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8 .
- Rassadin V.I. Dictionary Soyot-Russian. - St. Petersburg: Drofa, 2006 .-- 208 p.
- Rassadin V.I. On Soyots and their language // World of Central Asia: Languages. Folklore. Literature: Materials of the International Scientific Conference. T. IV. Part 1. - Ulan-Ude: BSC SB RAS, 2002. - S. 100-105.