Wooden house building

Kizhi State Historical, Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve

The history of wooden housing has several millennia. So, for example, near the famous Stonehenge, scientists found several wooden houses as a result of excavations. [1] The oldest of the existing wooden buildings, the Horyuji Temple, located near the ancient Japanese capital Nara , is about 1,400 years old. Just 400 years younger than his wooden church in the small Norwegian town of Lillehammer . In Russia, everything was built from wood: from a simple wooden fence to churches, the royal chorus and fortresses, but these buildings were practically not preserved due to numerous wars and fires. One of the most magnificent monuments of wooden architecture preserved to this day is the Kizhi State Historical, Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve. In Russia, wooden housing construction lost its position to stone structures only at the end of the 19th century. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, outstanding buildings entirely made of wood appeared in Russia. An example is the pavilion “Makhorka” by architect K. S. Melnikov , one of the very first realized examples of the architecture of the Soviet avant-garde .

• frame houses ;
• houses from profiled timber (dry and natural humidity);
• houses chopped by hand from a log and a gun carriage ;
• houses made of logs ;
• houses from planed logs;
• glued beam houses;
• supporting timber houses ( fachwerk );
• vertical bar Naturi;
• houses from laminated glued wood panels .

The most promising in mass construction is considered frame housing construction, which is one of the most flexible systems of wooden construction. It provides great opportunities for creating a variety of architectural and planning solutions, high operational quality and maintainability.

Wireframe technology

The frame is the basis of the entire structure and consists of individual elements: boards, beams, combined beams of various configurations. This spatial prefabricated structure limits the given building volume and perceives all the loads acting on the object. The correct selection of parts by geometric dimensions, their location and connection determine the bearing capacity of the walls, the conditions for mounting the structure and filling the wall structures with heat - insulating materials, followed by coating the frame with plywood , slab or panel boards. Frame buildings usually have a lower strapping of beams, along which racks of boards are installed that limit the window and door openings, and are the supporting system structure of the entire structure. The racks of the external walls are vertical elements to which the inner lining and facade coating are attached. They rest on the lower support plates or the strapping beam. Wall sheathing made of wood materials ( plywood , OSB , DSP ) or lining is fixed on the frame, the wall space is filled with heat-insulating material fixed in the cells of the frame wall, and closed on the other hand with plywood, drywall and other facings. Racks are usually made of measured lumber with a section of 38 × 89 mm ² or 38 × 140 mm ² . (American design "2 by 4"). Depending on the loads perceived by the wall, the type, thickness, dimensions and conditions of fastening the casing, the distance between the uprights can be 300, 400 and 600 mm. The width of the racks depends on the thickness of the layer of thermal insulation material. The upper and lower strapping beams, to which the frame racks are attached, have the same section as the racks themselves.

Advantages of wireframe technology

• the possibility of construction at any time of the year;
• high rates of construction (the construction of a frame house in 150 m ² takes 8 weeks);
• during the construction process, heavy lifting equipment is not required, since parts of the frame are small in size and weight. This allows you to save vegetation and landscape on the site, reduces labor costs;
• high thermal insulation properties of the structure with a relatively low wall thickness (15-25 cm, depending on the region);
• ease of construction reduces the load on the foundation, which allows you to significantly reduce the cost of it;
• stability and insensitivity to seasonal movements of the foundation due to soil heaving;
• frame house has a higher seismic resistance than concrete and brick buildings (table. 3.1). Such a house can be compared with a system of rigidly connected boxes, which is extremely difficult to destroy;
• simplicity of finishing work. The surface of walls, floors, ceilings is close to ideal due to the use of calibrated wood in the construction of the house. Ideal are the corners of the joints wall - floor and wall - ceiling;
• the ability to remove all communications inside the walls;
• gypsum fiber , mineral wool , cellulose wool , used in most cases for finishing frame houses and the construction of additional partitions, work as additional sound insulation;
• mobility - changing the structure of a building or engineering systems during the construction process will not cause serious problems

According to the frame technology, it is possible to design and build wooden houses above two floors. In Europe, the USA, Japan and the Scandinavian countries, apartment buildings for up to 7 floors have long been built. In 2006, Renggli AG in Sursee (Switzerland) built the first 6-story wooden house. In Russia, projects for the construction of 2- and 3-story apartment buildings in Perm have been successfully implemented.

The oldest frame house is located in Quedlinburg, in East Germany. The beginning of its construction dates back to the first half of the 14th century. Today it houses a museum.

The order of formation of the wireframe

• ordering and completing frame parts in accordance with the project;
• foundation device with the necessary preparation for the frame system;
• installation of the lower strapping beam along the basement base with waterproofing and special treatment, as well as fixing it on the foundation with steel pins or other means;
• laying the “draft” floor of the first floor along the logs with flooring under the cover of vapor barrier and insulation boards;
• installation of vertical racks and fixing them on the lower binding beam using brackets, pins, special thrust bearings, plates, corners and other means (at the same time window and door openings are installed);
• installation of diagonal braces and laying along the perimeter of the structure of the upper strapping beam to create spatial rigidity between the racks;
• the device of beams of interfloor overlapping and "rough" flooring on them;
• installation of frame wall elements on the second floor and in the attic of the building.

Construction of frame buildings according to the platform system

The name of the system determines the method of construction, the main technical and installation stages of which are as follows:

• the object is erected floor-by-floor, and each level of overlapping acts as a platform, which is the base platform for assembling wall structures in a horizontal position;
• after preparation, prefabricated wall frames with sheathing on the outer surface are installed vertically and fixed along the perimeter of the “platform” (floor) with the means provided for this;
• the wooden frame structure according to the "platform" system is a supporting structure, the walls of the building must withstand all the loads stipulated by the operating conditions of the object;
• frame parts and fragments, as well as component materials for walls and floor panels, are manufactured in the factory, which ensures high accuracy and speed of installation of the object at the construction site;
• To move and feed components (rafters, sheathing, frame beams, etc.), simple lifting equipment is used, and scaffolding and scaffolding are practically excluded due to the specifics of wall installation (assembly on the platform, lifting on the inside of the structure).

Panel and frame technology

The frame-panel technology for the manufacture of wooden houses is distinguished by a partial or full factory readiness of panels for assembly at a construction site.

Partial prefabricated panels are of two types:

1. Timber Frame Wall panels or TFW-panels - consist of a frame and a covering (external or internal). These panels are distinguished by low cost, the ability to lay internal communications inside the walls, the ability to choose a heater, the low weight of the panels and the absence of the need to involve lifting equipment for installing the panels. Such panels are produced by manufacturers of standard sizes, usually not exceeding 2.5 meters in width. The dimensions of the panels are unified, which makes it easy to make changes to the project. As a rule, factories produce a wide range of different panels, of different widths, with or without various openings for windows and doors. This feature of this type of panels allows you to design and build a house on the principle of a constructor of the "LEGO" type. And computer modeling has greatly simplified the process of designing a house consisting of TFW panels.
2. Structural Insulated Panel ( SIP ) - consists of two OSB boards and a heat-insulating layer between them (usually polystyrene foam or polystyrene). SIP panels do not allow internal communications inside the panels, have poor sound insulation, are less environmentally friendly due to the emission of styrene from thermal insulation. Nevertheless, houses made of SIP panels are becoming more widespread.

Prefabricated timber wall panels or PTW-panels contain frame elements (racks), cladding (external and internal) and insulation. This type of panel is distinguished by a higher cost, greater weight, and the absence of the possibility of hidden laying of internal communications. Since lifting equipment is required for the installation of these panels, factories produce them as long as possible in order to reduce the number of panel connections to each other. It is difficult to unify such panels, and factories produce individual panels for each of the projects, which completely excludes the possibility of making changes to the project during construction.

Sheathing of both types of panels can be made of various materials, starting with oriented chipboard (OSB) or cement chipboard ( CSP ) and ending with traditional wooden finishing materials ( lining , block house ).

Structural Technology

The development of the production of wood and gypsum boards in the second half of the 20th century led to the creation of completely new designs. The ultimate loads and strength of such structures are achieved not due to struts (jibs, diagonals), as in frame construction, but due to the action of the crate as a flat system in conjunction with struts and harnesses.

The wall panel is not only a building envelope, it perceives all the power effects of other elements of the building (beams and floorboards, rafters and roofs ). Therefore, modern panels have a fairly strong and stable frame made of solid wood (doors, timber) or special beams (channel, I-beam, etc.).

The complex design of wall panels allows you to mount all engineering communications inside. The design of the frame house is being prepared for assembly in an industrial production environment where all the parts and building elements, in accordance with the assembly drawings, are marked and packaged, and only then delivered to the place of construction of the house.

Construction of houses

The relatively small specific weight of the frame house allows it to be erected on a lightweight foundation ( screw piles , bored piles, shallow strip foundations). The installation period for a one-story house of frame-panel construction with an area of ​​30-70 m2 is usually 3-5 days.

A traditional frame house is mounted a little longer, because it is not assembled from panels, but from individual parts - racks, beams, lintels, which are then sheathed from the outside and from the inside. The final exterior and interior decoration, utilities, heating systems, etc. are the final stage of the construction of the house.

The industrial production of frame-panel houses using specialized materials guarantees the high quality of each part, which increases the quality of the building assembly and the reliability of the joints.

Particularly resistant to deformation and durability of houses of frame-panel construction can guarantee the use of glued timber in the frame structure .

Multilayer glued wood panels - products better known in the West under the acronym CLT ( English Cross-Laminated Timber ). CLT is a wooden panel made of gluing layers of solid lumber. Panels are made of layers, usually coniferous, dried wood.

Technological component and its purpose

The technology relates to the field of construction of wooden houses, constructions from massive composite panels that are perpendicularly interconnected, can also be used in the construction of low-rise and high-rise buildings. The technical result from the use of this technology is to increase the efficiency of construction, productivity, ecology, the coefficient of unification of assembly operations, as well as the quality and viability of the construction site. The specified technical result is achieved in that the method of assembling wooden houses involves the use of multilayer wooden panels made of coniferous wood, laid and fixed in layers at an angle to adjacent layers and to the axis of the block. Blocks fasten together with stepped connections. Finished blocks are fastened together by the use of adhesives. And / or mechanical means can be used, the Russian technological analogue of the Drevoblok ^[1] . In blocks, cuts are made for windows and doors before or after installation on a metric coordinate grid previously plotted on the side of the block, or on the point marking of the contours of the window or door on the block. In blocks with more than four layers, at least one of its inner layers is made of heat-insulating, fabric or textured material.

Applications

Tall buildings

Due to the structural properties of the technology of multilayer glued wood panels, products that can be both finished and semi-finished, and much easier in comparison with other building materials, multilayer glued panels begin to be used in many high-rise buildings. With 3,852 cubic meters of CLT, Dalston Lane in Dalston Square is one of the largest laminated panel projects worldwide. The project was completed in early 2017. ^[2]

Differences in building technologies from wood (industrial integration)

Technological differences: glued and “simple” (sawn) timber

Building technologies from glued and conventional sawn timber are significantly different. An ordinary beam needs natural drying processes, it is subject to deformations and distortions. The collected log cabins require significant work on leveling the house structures, insulation, repeated caulking, processing and finishing for at least a year and a half years. Sawn timber is subject to seasonal fluctuations throughout the entire life cycle. Accordingly, all these factors require a special arrangement of structures, in particular, roof, window and door ceilings . Glued beams. All processes of shrinkage (shrinkage) and stress relief (leading to curvature) take place in the factory. It is not subject to deformation and cracking, all parts of the building are produced (by responsible manufacturers) in accordance with the project , with tolerances calculated in millimeters.

Workflow

Design and Production

One of the main loads in the production of glued beam houses lies with the architectural and design department. All customer wishes are formalized in an architectural design project. The technical parameters of the project, calculated by the designers, are laid down in the computer programs of production. As a result, a set of house parts is delivered to the customer, ready for construction on the basis of the "designer" principle.

All details of the building structures in the production are marked and completed in accordance with the order and sent to the object with all the necessary instructions and accompanying documents.

Foundation

The relative lightness and high stability of structures made of glued beams makes it possible to build buildings on any type of soil and in any geological conditions, it allows you to build a house on an inexpensive shallow foundation. The construction of glued beams allows small movements of the foundation without cracks and without compromising the reliability and strength of the building. The house from glued beams does not need a massive basement. As a rule, manufacturers recommend the installation of a strip or slab foundation.

Construction of a log house (external and internal walls)

Details of the construction of the house from glued beams have all the necessary cuts and grooves, made with high accuracy in the factory and do not need to be finalized during the construction process. In fact, the finished house comes to the construction site in an unassembled form, and it remains only to assemble it, as a designer, according to the accompanying documentation of the kit manufacturer. The beam is pulled together by metal " pins " ("capercaillie"). The structures of the building from glued beams do not require additional seals, do not provide for the use of insulation. The technological qualities of this building material, subject to all the necessary production conditions, make it possible to erect monolithic walls that are not subject to drying out and cracking.

Moss (as the best interventional insulation)

The second name is wild insulation. It has the best characteristics in comparison with tow, jute, flax fiber. The main advantage is its environmental friendliness, it does not contain chemistry, harmful toxins that can cause harm to health. It is also worth highlighting the fact that moss protects the wood from destruction. An equally important plus of moss is its general availability: each of you can independently collect moss and use it in the construction of your wooden house. In extreme cases, moss can be purchased at any hardware store at extremely affordable prices.

Rafter system and roofing

As a rule, the house construction kit includes all beams and rafters made in accordance with the project. Glued rafters are a guarantee of the durability of both the roof and the entire building. A common mistake of manufacturers is the use (in order to save) of raw boards. As a result, the structure warps, the tightness and geometry are violated. A vapor barrier is installed along the installed rafters, battens are installed, then roofing material, and “insulation cake” from the inside.

Antiseptic and flame retardant treatment

The surface treatment of walls with antiseptics and flame retardants is recommended in 3 stages. The first is in the process of manufacturing glued beams. Reprocessing is best done immediately, as you build. After installing the roof - the third time.

Window and door installation

The finished construction of the house, made in full compliance with the engineering and design solution, involves the installation of windows and doors immediately after the construction of the building, without any additional carpentry . The architecture, dimensions and material of windows and doors are taken into account at the stage of work on the project. They should not differ from the type of wood of the log house, as different wood species have different shrinkage. Glued timber provides for a slight shrinkage of up to 1%. This quality is also taken into account in the project: when installing windows and doors in relation to the upper beam (a gap of 2-3 cm is left) and the sides of the box - they are installed on special sliding guides.

Engineering Communications

Installation and wiring of all necessary communications - such as heating, water supply, sewage, water treatment, electrics, ventilation, air conditioning, fire alarms - are carried out in strict accordance with the project. All necessary design decisions are taken into account at the stage of production of the building kit. A glued-beam building implies the possibility of covert wiring of utilities , for example, in ceilings, poles and beams.

Finishing work

Finishing involves work on the device of the floor, ceilings, if necessary - stairs, window sills, installation of built-in furniture. Buildings from glued beams do not need additional external and internal “finishing” finishing. These works are carried out at the request of the customer. Glued beams in the manufacturing process are processed to the “furniture” quality of the surfaces, has a flat and smooth surface.

Construction Speed ​​and Cost

The speed of construction of a building from glued beams is comparable with the construction and commissioning of a wooden frame house , provided that parts of glued beams are used as load-bearing structures. Construction is possible in any environmental conditions, including at external temperatures corresponding to all climatic zones of the Russian Federation. The period of construction of a house from glued beams depends on the scale and complexity of the object. Простейшие конструкции сруба 50-100 м² могут быть собраны в срок от двух недель.

Окончательная стоимость объекта пропорциональна качеству и диаметру сечения используемых в конструкции дома деталей из клеёного бруса. В производстве клеёного бруса ответственными поставщиками используется только качественная древесина . Также на стоимость объекта влияет тип проекта — готовое проектное решение, либо исполнение индивидуального архитектурно-конструкторского заказа.

• Калугин А. В. Деревянные конструкции. Издательство Ассоциации строительных вузов, 2008.
• Кесик Т. Д. Строительство деревянных каркасных домов в Канаде, 1982. ISBN 0-660-16723-9
• Денисов С.А. Современные деревянные дома и бани, 2008 ISBN 978-5-9533-2138-9 , 978-5-9533-3245-3

• Photos of the Kizhi Museum