Tavern

According to the Bulgarian linguist Naiden Gerov (1823–1900), the word “krachma” in the meaning of “shop for the sale of wine and brandy ” is already present in the Old Bulgarian language in the 11th century ^[5] . Similar names are used in different Slavic languages: “krchma” in Bulgarian , “krchma” - in Serbo-Croatian , “krčma” - in Czech , “karczma” - in Polish . In the etymological dictionary of the Bulgarian language, the word “krachma” is called the place of sale of alcohol, which comes from the Old Bulgarian verb “krikyzhtn” - “to make a sound”. In the Novo-Bulgarian language, the verb "korkam" is used to mean "to drink." In modern Bulgarian, “krachma” means the place of sale of alcohol and cold snacks ^[6] .

In the Old Russian language, the krmenyenitsa is the drinking house ^[7] . In the old days in Russia, the word “ tavern ” also meant a drunk drink ^[7] . The name was distributed before the October Revolution in Ukraine, Belarus and southern Russia.

In the south and west of Russia, colloquially, the institution also used the word rent ^[8] .

Historically, the names of the tavern and tavern were used in Russia ^{[1] [2]} (in Poland, Lithuania, in the territory of Ukraine, Belarus). In the Russian state, the analog was the tavern ^[6] . The content of the shinks was called shinkar , they were engaged in the sale of drinks shinkar and shinkarka .

According to Irina Sergeyevna Sventsitskaya , the pubs, which were already in Ancient Mesopotamia from the second millennium BC, would rather be called shingles. In several articles of the " Laws of Hammurabi " there is a mention of shinkarks and taverns ^[9] .

In Hungary, a solitary tavern or an inn in a steppe — chard ( Hungarian Csarda ), from it the national dance — chardash ^[10] got its name.

In the western and southern Slavs, inns were known from the eleventh century ^[6] . The oldest drinks sold in the inn are kvass , beer and honey . In almost every city there was one tavern, and in the other two or more ^[4] . Also the tavern could be located in large villages, on trade routes, ferries and other crowded places. Sale of alcohol was taxed, - so, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, it was the capital .

In western tabernacles in the taverns, the bailiffs handed over the government’s orders to the people, the judges created a court case, and they dealt with the visitors; Taverns for a long time replaced the town hall and the living courtyards ^[4] .

At first, the West Slavic inns were free institutions, and only later became princely, state-owned; then began to appear and secret. Traces of the tavern of the eastern Slavs, especially in the south, are the longest preserved ^[4] .

In Russia, after the establishment of the tavern Ivan the Terrible, there is a gradual displacement of the inn.

Work in the tavern was previously regulated by the Council Code of 1649 ^[11] .

In 1654, Bogdan Khmelnitsky with Cherkasy , when entering into Russian citizenship , uttered for the Ukraine free sale of bread wine, that is, vodka. In 1743, in the letters to all the Slobodian regiments, Elizaveta Petrovna reaffirmed the right of “ shinks to keep, to smoke and shred duty-free wine ”, hence the shortage of slobodian provinces of Russia to others. In 1805, the freedom of distillation in the suburban provinces of Russia was prohibited, but the manifesto of 1810 confirmed all landowner privileges for free distillation in the provinces of southern and western ^[12] , which are therefore called privileged. For a long time in Russia (in the west and south) there existed underground taverns (shinks) with whom the government fought.

• The 1936 ballet performance “A scene in a tavern” by the Hungarian choreographer Gyula Harangozo ^[13] .
• The tavern is shown in the film “The Missing Letter” (1972) by director Boris Ivchenko .
• The poem "Tavern" by Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov .
• Fable "The Inn in Upita" by Adam Mitskevich .
• The story "Overnight in the inn" by Lidia Yakovlevna Cherkasova .

• Moonshine
• HoReCa

• L.V. Belovinsky . Korchma // Illustrated Encyclopedic Historical and Common Dictionary of the Russian People. XVIII - the beginning of the XIX century. / ed. N. Eremina . - M .: Eksmo, 2007. - p. 312. - 784 pp .: - ill. with. - 5 000 copies - ISBN 978-5-699-24458-4 .

• Prince S.V. Prozorov, okolnichy Prince F. F. Volkonsky, clerks Gavrila Leontyev and Fyodor Griboedov, Chapter XXV, Council Code of 1649 .
• Tavern // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 t. / Ed.-comp. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : M.O. Wolf Typography, 1880–1882.
• Rent // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : 4 t. / Bus.-comp. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : M.O. Wolf Typography, 1880–1882.
• Shred // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 t. / Ed.-comp. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : M.O. Wolf Typography, 1880–1882.
• Rent in Russia // Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia . - SPb. 1908-1913.
• Korchemstvo // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Tavern, pub // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Pryzhov I. Korchma. Historical essay // Russian Archive, 1866. - Vol. 7. - Stb. 1053-1064.
• Nina Akifeva , "Drinking" notes: historical aspect // " Ural " 2003, № 7