Japanese traditional dolls or “ningyo” ( 人形 人形 ) , which means “doll” in Japanese, use the hieroglyphs записи and 形, which mean “person” and “form,” respectively, to write this word in Japanese. [one]
There are many types of Japanese dolls , some of which depict children, others - the imperial court, warriors and heroes, fairy-tale characters, gods and demons. Most of the dolls are made for ordinary gifts or for holidays, such as Hinamatsuri - Girls' Festival. Other dolls are made for sale as souvenirs for tourists.
The most ancient dolls found during excavations were attributed to the Jomon period [2] . Initially, dolls acted as amulets or talismans .
The heyday of the art of creating dolls fell on the Edo era . Since this period, dolls of various shapes and purposes began to be made.
Since 1936, in Japan, the art of making dolls has received the status of officially recognized. Every spring since 1954, the best doll makers can be awarded the title Japan's Living National Treasure by the Japanese government [3] .
Materials for the manufacture of Japanese dolls are wood, paper , fabric , clay or even living chrysanthemums .
Types of Japanese Puppets
- Hina-ningyo - dolls for the Hinamatsuri festival, depicting the imperial family. These dolls are very valuable, they are made from expensive materials, and they are inherited in Japanese families.
- Gogatsu-ningo (literally May dolls ) or musya-ningo - dolls for the festival "Tango no secu" (now - " Children 's Day "). Often these are images of samurai in armor , historical characters ( Emperor Jimmu , Empress Dzingu), heroes of the Japanese epic ( Momotaro ), as well as figures of tigers and horses.
- Karakuri-ningyo - mechanical dolls.
- Gosyo-ningo - small figures in the form of thick-skinned children, carved in wood and coated with a special composition of crushed oyster shells - "gofun". Initially, these dolls were made by masters of the imperial court, hence their name - “palace dolls” comes from. [4] Gosho-ningo is often presented as a talisman before a long journey.
- Kimekomi-ningyo - wooden dolls covered with cloth . The origin of this type of dolls is associated with the Kamo Temple in Kyoto , where at the beginning of the XVIII century the monks made amulets and souvenirs for sale [5] . Modern kimekomi-ningyo are made from wood-glue mass, unlike earlier dolls, which were simply carved from wood [6] . The most commonly used tree is paulownia . Special cuts are made on the doll’s body, where the edges of the fabric are then filled (in Japanese kime, it means a wooden side, Komi means to fill [7] ).
- Hakata-ningo - ceramic dolls. The first such statuettes, according to one of the legends, have been made in Fukuoka Prefecture since the beginning of the 17th century. [8] In 1900, hakata dolls were on display at the Paris Exhibition. In 1924, hakata dolls depicting three dancing girls won a silver award at the Paris International Fair.
- Kokeshi - carved from wood and painted dolls.
- Daruma is a tumbler doll.
- Kiku-ningyo - dolls from living chrysanthemums. They consist of a bamboo frame on which are dug from the ground with the roots of chrysanthemums with small flowers. So that chrysanthemums do not fade longer, their roots are wrapped in moss . The height of such dolls is approximately equal to human height. The face, hands and other details of the dolls are made of papier-mâché . Many of these dolls are made for traditional exhibitions in the cities of Nihonmatsu and Hirakata , which are held every fall during the flowering of chrysanthemums. [9]
Notes
- ↑ Around the World - Virtual Travel Portal
- ↑ Japan Today Magazine (website version dated October 25, 2007. web.archive.org )
The oldest samples made of clay date back to the Jomon era (10,000-300 years BC) - ↑ "Dolls from Japan" at the Pushchino Museum of Ecology and Local History
- ↑ See the Gosho-ningyo article .
They were originally created by doll makers in the Kyoto area for the Imperial Household to be given as gifts to visiting emissaries, thus coining the name gosho meaning "from the Imperial Palace" - ↑ See the article “Dolls That Don't Play” An archived copy of March 8, 2007 on the Wayback Machine on the website of the Trud Daily newspaper Checked September 28, 2007
- ↑ See the article Kimekomi doll classes (Eng.) Retrieved September 28, 2007
- ↑ See the article About Kimekomi (Fabric or Quilt Balls or Dolls) Archived September 23, 2007 on the Wayback Machine. ( Retrieved September 28, 2007
- ↑ See the “History of Hakata Japanese Dolls” article. Archived October 25, 2007 on the Wayback Machine .
- ↑ See the article “What does a chrysanthemum flower mean to the Japanese?”
Links
- "From the History of Japanese Culture - Doll Games" on the site "Japan Today" (version of the site dated October 25, 2007. web.archive.org )
- DOLLS // Japan from A to Z. A popular illustrated encyclopedia. (CD-ROM). - M .: Directmedia Publishing , "Japan Today", 2008. - ISBN 978-5-94865-190-3 .
- "What is what in the world of dolls" on the site "Japan Today" (version of the site dated October 25, 2007. web.archive.org )
- Kimekomi Ningyo Gallery (Fr.)