Kastoria

There are three versions of the origin of the name Kastoria. In the Middle Ages, it was believed that the city takes its name from other Greek. κάστορας - "beaver", due to the beavers that lived in Lake Kastoria in large numbers in previous centuries. The second option tells that the city takes its name from the mythological Greek hero Castor , one of the Dioscuros , the son of Leda and Zeus . According to the third version - from Greek. κάστρο from lat. castrum - "fortification, camp, fortress."

The surroundings of Kastoria are inhabited from the Neolithic . 7 kilometers southeast of the city of Kastoria, on the southern shore of Lake Kastoria, where the village of Dispilio is today, in 1932, Professor used the low water level in the lake and conducted the first research in this region. Findings confirm that there was a Neolithic settlement on stilts (5500–3500 BC). Excavations carried out by the professor of prehistoric archeology of the University of Aristotle in Thessaloniki confirm the existence of a prehistoric settlement in Dispilio. A tablet was found from Dispilio with text dating back to approximately 5260 BC. e., making it one of the oldest written monuments in the world.

In place of modern Kastoria, there was previously an ancient city of the classical period , founded in the 5th century BC. e. the Aeolians . Roman historian Titus Livy mentions the fortified town of λητρον ή Κέλετρον , lat. Celetrum ] on a peninsula near Lake Orestiada. During the Second Macedonian War (200—197 BC) between Rome and Philip V, the military commander Publius Sulpicius Galba Maxim besieged and captured Keletra ^[6] . The name Keletra comes from the verb "κηλώ" , which means "attract, charm." This name was given to the city, because maybe then this region made a great impression on others. After the victory in the Second Macedonian War, the Romans founded a military fortification on the site of modern Kastoria. Procopius of Caesarea in his essay “ On Buildings ” mentions the ancient rich city of ( Διοκλητιανούπολις ), founded under the emperor Diocletian (284-305) in the vicinity of the lake Kastoria, in the area of ​​the modern city of Argos-Orestikon , which came from an attack in decline and depopulated. Emperor Justinian I built a new fortified city on a peninsula extending into Lake Kastoria, to which he gave his name - Justinianopol ( Ἰουστινιανούπολις ) ^[7] . The fortress was made up of two rows of walls that started from one shore of the lake in the south of the isthmus that protrudes into the lake, and went to the northern shore of the lake. There the fortress became wider.

After the conquest of the king of Bulgaria by Samuel in 990, the city received the Slavic name Kostur . In 1018, Emperor Vasily II the Bulgarian Slayer again re-added Kostur to Byzantium. In 1083, Kostur was captured by the Normans led by Robert Guiscard and his son Boemund . In 1218, Kostur became part of the Epirus kingdom of Theodore Comnenus Duci . In 1259, captured by the troops of the Nicene Empire . In 1345, it became part of the Serbian kingdom of Stefan Dusan . In 1380, the Albanians took control of the city ( Balsha II , the family ). In 1385, captured by the Ottomans . During the Ottoman rule, it bore the Turkish name Kesriye ( Tur . Kesriye ), belonged to the Monastir vilayet and was an important trade, craft and cultural center with a mixed multinational population. Since the 14th century, fur has been processed. In the 17th century, furrier artels appeared.

After the Second Balkan War, under the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1913, the city ​​was ceded to the kingdom of Greece. In 1941-1944, Kastoria was occupied by Italian and German troops .

Museums in Kastoria:

• , opened in 1975 and located in the 17th century Nerandzis Ayvazis mansion in the district
• Byzantine Museum
• Museum of the struggle for Macedonia
• in the 17 in the Dolzo area

The Kastoria Municipal Stadium with a capacity of about 8 thousand seats is the home stadium of Football Club, holder .

The old (eastern) part of the city of Kastoria is located on a peninsula that protrudes into Lake Kastoria. In the northwestern part of the old city, on the isthmus of the peninsula, the ruins of the walls of the Roman, early Christian, Byzantine and post-Byzantine periods have been preserved. The fortress wall had four towers, one of them has been preserved, and the so-called Big Gate is the main entrance to the city. In the Byzantine period, in 535, during the reign of Justinian I, a citadel was built inside the fortress wall with towers and walls adjoining the outer wall. The citadel was completed and rebuilt in the 9th-10th centuries. The citadel was destroyed by the Turks in 1904. On the southern outskirts of the city, on the cape, is the monastery of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mavriotissa (11th century), on the territory of which there is a church of the 11th century with murals of the 13th century and a bell tower and a chapel of St. John the Theologian of the 16th century with murals of 1552.

In total, there are more than 70 churches of the 9th-19th centuries in Kastoria. The most ancient of them date back to the 9th – 11th centuries. In the Eleusa quarter there are the (about 900 built with paintings of the beginning of the X century, XII - beginning of the XIII century, in the narthex - the end of the XIII - beginning of the XIV century) and the ( IX-X centuries.). In the neighboring quarter of Ikonom, which coincides with the territory of the fortress, there are the , or Skutariotissa (triconch in plan, beginning of the 10th century with murals of 1260–70, the 17th century, on the facade - 1496), the (a tiny one-nave basilica), the (Archangel Michael, a small one-nave temple). In the northern part of the city there is the (Saints Cosmas and Damian, the 1st third of the XI century with murals of the XI century, the end of the XII century, XIX century). On Omonia Square is the (XII century with paintings of the late XII century). Near the Metropolis is the (built and decorated with frescoes in 1384/85 by the brothers Stoy and Theodore Muzaki and Hieromonk Dionysius). (the Beginners of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel, built around 900 on the site of the early Christian basilica with murals from the beginning of the X century, 1359-60, on the facade - the middle of the XIII, XV century) is a three-nave basilica and rather total was a cemetery church ^[5] .

Monuments of civil architecture are represented by mansions of merchant families of the 17th – 19th centuries: the , , , , (1750, now the Costume Museum), .

Kastoria and neighboring Siatista are the two main centers of Greece for the production and trade of fur products. In Kastoria, there are several hundred enterprises producing fur products from furs of local fur farms and foreign suppliers. Mink coats and other fur products are exported abroad, including to Russia. Kastoria hosts the annual international fur exhibition Kastoria International Fur Fair.

Kastoria is the center of the agricultural region. Cereals and legumes are cultivated. Livestock and gardening are developed. Fishery is developed on Lake Kastoria. In Kastoria, there are enterprises of textile, food and woodworking industries. The dairy and meat industries, cheese making and processing of agricultural raw materials are developed. Woolen fabrics are produced.

In the vicinity of Kastoria are:

• Excavations of a Neolithic settlement on stilts in Dispilio
• in the village of (XI century)
• on the island of on the lake Mikra Prespa (XI century)
• в селе (XI век)
• в селе (XIII век) с деревянным рельефом Святого Георгия
• Пещерные церкви в селе на берегу озера Большая Преспа ( с росписями XIV—XV вв.)
• Каменные мосты XVI—XIX вв.
• Усадьбы XVIII века в городе

Сообщество Кастория создано в 1918 году ( ΦΕΚ 259Α ) ^[8] . Площадь 57,318 квадратного километра ^[1] . В сообщество входят четыре населённых пункта. Население 16 958 человек по переписи 2011 года ^[2] .

• Христопулос, Афанасиос (1772—1847) — греческий поэт, писатель, лингвист, юрист, учёный и революционер.
• Братья Эммануил (уб. 1798) — греческие революционеры, соратники Ригаса Фереоса, задушены вместе с ним турками в Белграде.
• Хадзис, Василиос (1870—1915) — греческий художник, маринист и баталист.
• Папазоглу, Леонидас (1872—1918) — греческий фотограф конца XIX — начала XX веков.
• Захос, Аристотелис (1871—1939) — греческий архитектор.
• (род. 1975) — американский рок-музыкант, основатель группы Viza .
• Доропулос, Василис (род. 1942) — современный греческий скульптор.
• Солон Григориадис (1912—1994) греческий морской офицер, участник Национального Сопротивления, журналист и историк.
• Димитрис Диамантидис (род. 1980) — греческий баскетболист, игрок сборной Греции, чемпион Европы 2005 года, серебряный призёр чемпионата мира 2006 года.

•   Энна , Италия

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  Статуя Германа Каравангелиса в Кастории

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  Статуя Афанасиоса Христопулоса в Кастории

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  Дом Анастасиоса Пихеона в Кастории

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  Мемориал Холокоста Кастории на в Тель-Авиве в Израиле

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  Кудрявые пеликаны на озере Кастория

• kastoria.gov.gr — официальный сайт общины Кастория (греч.)
• Искендеров, Пётр. «Греция славится не только мехами» (неопр.) . «Время новостей», № 43 (14 марта 2007). Дата обращения 18 февраля 2019.