Ghosts [2] , or hostages [2] , or leaf-leaves [3] , or horror-trees [4] ( lat. Phasmatodea ) - a detachment of insects , numbering more than 3000 species [5] [6] ). The name comes from other Greek. φάσμα - “ghost”, “ghost”, “phantom”. The habitat of more than 3,000 species is the tropics, although some species are found in the USA, Russia, Australia.
| Ghost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| International scientific name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phasmatodea Jacobson & Bianchi , 1902 [1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Suborders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Content
- 1 Appearance and structure
- 2 Classification
- 3 Use
- 3.1 as pets
- 4 Security status
- 5 Interesting Facts
- 6 Filmography
- 7 notes
- 8 Literature
- 9 References
Appearance and structure
The head is small, spherical with rounded eyes, a filiform or bristle-like antennae and a forward gnawing mouth apparatus [2] . The pronotum has an almost square shape, the middle part of the chest is very elongated, the abdomen is 10-segmented, strongly elongated or having a leaf-shaped shape. The antennae are located on the front of the head and can be either shorter than the head or much longer than the body. Legs are long, thin, with 5-segmented tarsi and a suction cup between the claws. On the hips of the front legs of the notch. Elytra often shortened or absent; wings are sometimes well developed, fan-shaped, sometimes shortened, and often also absent. [7] . Females are usually larger than males and have a protruding short ovipositor at the end of the abdomen.
The color of the sticks is protective , brown or green, can vary from light to dark, depending on the lighting and some other factors. The change in color brightness is due to compression or expansion of the grains of the pigment in the hypodermis.
Basically, they are similar to sticks or leaves, from which their name came from. The body may be provided with cones, spines or leafy extensions and protrusions. Moreover, a greater effect is achieved due to the long immobility and the pose taken by the insect.
For a stickman sitting in a cryptic (protective) position, the so-called catalepsy is characteristic, in which the appendages of the body are in a state of “wax flexibility”. If at this time to give the stickman some pose, he will remain in that position until he comes out of catalepsy. Even the removal of any part of the body will not bring it to a normal state.
Classification
Currently, scientists have described 3100 species [8] (including 54 fossil species; Zhang, 2013) [9] , three suborders, 13 families and 454 genera [5] :
- Suborder Agathemerodea
- Agathemeridae - 1 genus and 8 species
- Suborder Timematodea
- Timematidae - 1 genus and about 20 species
- Suborder Verophasmatodea
- Infraorder Anareolatae
- Diapheromeridae family - about 1200 species (138, 1210)
- Sosibia genus - 11 species
- The Phasmatidae family - about 1000 species (160, 991)
- Diapheromeridae family - about 1200 species (138, 1210)
- Infraorder Areolatae
- Superfamily Aschiphasmatoidea
- Family Aschiphasmatidae (15 genera, 96 species)
- Family Damasippoididae (2, 6)
- Family Prisopodidae (7, 52)
- Superfamily Bacilloidea
- Family Anisacanthidae (10, 31)
- Family Bacillidae (19, 54)
- Heteropterygidae Family (27, 103)
- Superfamily Phyllioidea
- Family Phylliidae (4, 51)
- Superfamily Pseudophasmatoidea
- Heteronemiidae Family (12, 79)
- Family Pseudophasmatidae (58, 327)
- Superfamily Aschiphasmatoidea
- Infraorder Anareolatae
- Susumanioidea
- Susumaniidae
- † Cretophasmomima
- † Cretophasmomima melanogramma
- † Cretophasmomima
- Susumaniidae
Usage
As Pets
Many species of sticks are easily held in captivity. More than 300 species are grown as pets and in laboratories [10] .
Guard Status
4 ghost species are listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2 are on the verge of extinction (CR), 1 is endangered (EN), and 1 is already extinct [11] :
- Carausius scotti is an endangered species of stick insects from the Phasmatidae family [12] , endemic to the small Silhouette Island in the Seychelles archipelago [13] .
- Dryococelus australis is an endangered species of sticks from the Phasmatidae family. It was almost exterminated on the volcanic island of Lord Howe (in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean) by rats brought there by man. Later, thanks to several specimens found, a program was launched for breeding these captive captives in the Melbourne Zoo , in the zoos of San Diego , Toronto and Bristol [14] [15] .
- Graeffea seychellensis is an endangered species of stick insects from the family Phasmatidae [16] , endemic to the Seychelles Mahe , Siluet and Praslin [17] .
- Pseudobactricia ridleyi is an extinct species of sticks from the Diapheromeridae family. Known for a single specimen (adult male), found more than 100 years ago in a tropical forest on the extreme southern tip of the Malay Peninsula in Singapore ( Southeast Asia ) [18] .
- Dryococelus australis is an endangered species of sticks from the Phasmatidae family. It was almost exterminated on the volcanic island of Lord Howe (in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean) by rats brought there by man. Later, thanks to several specimens found, a program was launched for breeding these captive captives in the Melbourne Zoo , in the zoos of San Diego , Toronto and Bristol [14] [15] .
Interesting Facts
- Females Phobaeticus serratipes are one of the longest insects in the world, can reach 33 cm in length.
- The mass of an adult female Heteropteryx dilatata can reach up to 50 g.
- In October 2008, the longest insect in the world was classified [19] - the Chan megalobacillus . Its length is 35.7 cm (56.7 cm, given the length of the elongated limbs), which is 2 cm higher than the previously registered "record".
- In the spring of 2016, an entomologist Zhao Li, while searching for insects in the mountains near the city of Liuzhou, discovered a stick-length of 62.4 cm. [20]
Filmography
- “It's interesting about everything. The Fellows ”( fr. C'est pas sorcier. Stick insects ) is a popular science film shot in 1994.
Notes
- ↑ Bianchi V. L., Yakobson G. G. Orthoptera and pseudo-wing-winged Russian Empire and neighboring countries. - SPb. , 1900-1904.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Animal life. Arthropods: trilobites, chelicerae, tracheal breathing. Onychophors / Ed. Gilyarova M.S. , Pravdina F.N .. - 2nd, rev. - M .: Enlightenment, 1984. - T. 3. - 463 p.
- ↑ Schwanwich B.N. Introduction to Entomology. L .: publishing house of Leningrad State University, 1959.- 344 p.
- ↑ Rimsky-Korsakov M.N. Horror stories // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ 1 2 Brock, PD; Marshall, J. 2011: Order Phasmida Leach, 1815. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2011: Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa , 3148 : 198. ISBN 978-1-86977-849-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7 (online edition) PDF
- ↑ Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler. Insect Biodiversity: science and society. - Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2009 .-- S. 31 .-- 642 p. - ISBN 978-1-4051-5142-9 .
- ↑ Hoell, HV, Doyen, JT & Purcell, AH Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed .. - Oxford University Press, 1998. - P. 398-399. - ISBN 0-19-510033-6 .
- ↑ Bragg, PE (2001) Phasmids of Borneo , Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. - see p. 614.
- ↑ Zhang, Z.-Q. "Phylum Athropoda." - In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) “Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013).” (English) // Zootaxa / Zhang, Z.-Q. (Chief Editor & Founder). - Auckland: Magnolia Press, 2013 .-- Vol. 3703, no. 1 . - P. 17–26. - ISBN 978-1-77557-248-0 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77557-249-7 (online edition). - ISSN 1175-5326 .
- ↑ Bragg, P. (2008). Changes to the PSG Culture List. Phasmid Study Group Newsletter 113: 4-5.
- ↑ Diptera : IUCN Red Book website information
- ↑ Brock PD, Büscher T., Baker E. species Carausius scotti Ferrière, 1912 . Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0.
- ↑ Gerlach J. 2012. Carausius scotti . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.
- ↑ Rudolf E., Brock P. 2017. Dryococelus australis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017.
- ↑ Mikheyev AS, Zwick A., Magrath MJ, Grau ML, Qiu L., Su YN, Yeates D. (2017). Museum genomics confirms that the Lord Howe Island stick insect survived extinction . Current Biology , 27 (20): 3157-3161. DOI : 10.1016 / j.cub.2017.08.08.058
- ↑ Brock PD, Büscher T., Baker E. species Graeffea seychellensis Ferrière, 1912 . Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0.
- ↑ Gerlach J. 2012. Graffaea seychellensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.
- ↑ Lim TW 2008. Pseudobactricia ridleyi . (errata version published in 2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008.
- ↑ Bragg PE (2008): In Hennemann & Conle. Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, vol. 1906, pp. 1-316. Abstract Retrieved December 8, 2009 .
- ↑ The longest insect found in China. https://www.gismeteo.ru/news/sobytiya/19080-v-kitae-nashli-samoe-dlinnoe-nasekomoe/
Literature
- Bradley, JC & Galil, BS (1977). The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2): 176-208. [one]
- Buckley Thomas R., Dilini Attanayake and Sven Bradler. (2008). Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. - Proc Biol Sci. 2009 March 22; 276 (1659): 1055-1062.
- Redtenbacher, J. (1906): Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae. pp. 1-180, pls. 1-6. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
- Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907): Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 2. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). pp. 181-340, pls. 7-15. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
- Redtenbacher, J. (1908): Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 3. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). pp. 341-589, pls. 16-27. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
- Van Herwaarden HCM (1998). A guide to the genera of stick- and leaf- insects (Insecta: Phasmida) of New Guinea and the surrounding islands. - Science in New Guinea Vol. 24 (2), November 1998.
- Erich Hunter Tilgner. (2002). Systematics of Phasmida. Dissertation ... Doctor of philosophy. The University of Georgia. - Athens, Georgia. 2002
Links
- Species catalog - Phasmatodea.org
- order Phasmida . phasmida.speciesfile.org
- The Wands of Australia (link unavailable )
- Phasmids: An Introduction to the Stick Insects and Leaf Insects
- Breeding sticks - Palochniki.ru