Naturalism in Russian literature.
Naturalism (fr. Paіigaїіshe from lat. Paigaigaіz - “natural, natural”) is a literary trend that developed in the last third of the 19th century (1870-1890), a late stage in the development of realism (or positivism) in the literature of the late XIX - early XX centuries.
| The definition of naturalism. The views of Russian scientists. | E.B. Tager: “a similar artistic direction, echoing the trends of Zolaism, can still be found in Russia, although calling it“ naturalism ”is even more inconvenient ...”. A.B. Muratov: "Naturalism in Russia did not receive distribution and could not receive." IN AND. Kuleshov: "... Russian naturalism had several varieties, and their value was different," "naturalism is a literary trend." V.N. Kamensky: "... naturalism is part of a realistic trend." S.I. Chuprinin: “Naturalism” in its classical form was a shadow of realism ... an artistic method that was finally formed in the second half of the 19th century and has its own aesthetic code, its own aesthetic resources and its own arsenal of means and techniques ” [1] . |
| The conceptual idea of the literary direction - naturalism | He was characterized by the installation on a photographically accurate and impartial image of reality, by which, first of all, it was understood the material and everyday environment, as well as the human nature, which was seen through the prism of fatal conditioning by physiological nature and environment. Naturalists tried to make their works “clinically accurate documents” of reality, its exact photograph. They urged not to avoid drawing unpleasant details of the world around us, to willingly show the life of the social bottom, to reproduce the painful psyche of a person, his sexual habits. A man and his actions were understood as due to the physiological nature, heredity and environment - social conditions, everyday and material environment. Naturalism arose under the influence of the rapid development of the natural sciences and can be considered as the transfer of scientific methods of observation and analysis in the field of artistic creativity. Naturalist writers in the creation of their works relied on a thorough study of the life, working conditions and the work of their heroes, technologies and tools, clinical reports, medical works. |
| The works of naturalism in Russian literature | Elements of naturalism are found in Russian literature of the 18th – early 19th centuries, before the advent of positivism and the “natural school” and naturalism caused by it: “The handsome cook” M.D. Chulkov (1770), fables of A.E. Izmaylova and his novel “ Eugene, or the Pernicious Consequences of Bad Education and the Community ”(1799–1800), a novel by V.T. Narezhny "Russian Zhilblaz, Adventures of Prince Simon Gavrilovich Chistyakov" (1814), the story of M.P. Pogodin of the 30s. As V.I. Kuleshov: “Naturalism has always been a pariah, being a secondary, but never exhausted line in Russian literature” [4, p. 80] [2] The emergence of the naturalistic movement is due to the objective logic of the socio-historical and literary process. It is no coincidence that this current arose in the post-reform period. This is the time when interest in the economic study of Russia was especially great. The desire to understand the economic, social, social processes of capitalizing Russia caused an increase in journalistic materials in the press. The attention of the essayists of the 70s was riveted to the changes that life brought to the old types, and especially to the newly emerging social types. In the 80s, this trend became even more pronounced. The titles of G. Uspensky’s essays of the late 70–80s are indicative: “A new type of merchant”, “Business people”, “Village youth”, “People of an average way of thinking”, and others. In an effort to create a true and integral characteristic of the era, essays 80 's could not separate economic and moral issues, indicating the need for a joint study of economic facts of a moral order. They looked for manifestations of the power of capital in the field of feelings, way of thinking, moods [2] [3] . Naturalist writers: P.D. Boborykin, A.V. Amphitheatres, G. Danilevsky, Vl. Nemirovich-Danchenko. Dmitriy Hapkikvichina Mama-Sibiryak (1852-1912), one of the most significant social indicators, is also considered to be a figure of the number of naturalists. In Russia, the elements of naturalism are clearly visible in the works of M. Gorky, M. Artsybashev (“Sanin”), A. Kuprin (“Pit”), I. Bunin (“Village”). |
- ↑ Provatorova O.N. The problem of Russian naturalism in modern literary criticism. // Bulletin of OSU. - 2009. - November ( No. 11 (105) ). - ISSN 1 .
- ↑ 3. Kuleshov V. I. Natural school in Russian literature of the XIX century .. - Moscow, 1982 .. - ISBN 4, 80.
- ↑ Naturalism and the scientific-aesthetic, estopsychological method of P. D. Boborykin. Scientific article (@aspectus) - Readera.ru . readera.org. Date accessed August 27, 2019.
4. Vilchinsky V.P. Russian criticism of the 1880s in the fight against naturalism // Russian literature. 1974. No. 4. P. 78-89.
5. Kuleshov V. I. About Russian Naturalism and about P. D. Boborykin // Kuleshov V.I. In search of accuracy and truth. M., 1986.P. 170-201.