Alexander Sergeevich Uklonsky (October 23 (November 5), 1888, Gomel - February 16, 1972, Tashkent , buried at the Botkin cemetery ) - mineralogist, geochemist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR (1943), professor at Tashkent University and the Tashkent Polytechnic Institute.
| Alexander Sergeevich Uklonsky | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Date of Birth | October 23 ( November 5 ) 1888 | ||||
| Place of Birth | Gomel Russian empire | ||||
| Date of death | February 16, 1972 (83 years old) | ||||
| Place of death | Tashkent Uzbek SSR , USSR | ||||
| A country |  Russian Empire  RSFSR (1917-1922) ,  the USSR | ||||
| Scientific field | mineralogy | ||||
| Place of work | |||||
| Alma mater | Moscow University (1914) | ||||
| Academic degree | Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (1938) | ||||
| Academic rank | Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR | ||||
| supervisor | V.I. Vernadsky | ||||
| Known as | author of the geochemical classification of natural minerals | ||||
| Awards and prizes |
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Content
Biography
Childhood and Student Years
A. S. Uklonsky was born in the city of Gomel in the family of an Orthodox priest. In 1901, his family moved [1] . in Tashkent , his father taught at the Tashkent gymnasium [2] . In 1908 he graduated from the first male gymnasium in Tashkent and entered Moscow University at the natural branch of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, and he chose geology as his specialization. While studying at the university, he began to specialize under the guidance of V.I. Vernadsky , who until 1912 was the head of the department of mineralogy. Subsequently, he worked in a scientific laboratory under the guidance of Academician A.D. Arkhangelsky , was engaged in the study of loess . His first scientific work was entitled “On the Petrography of the Chimgan tract”, which he wrote on the basis of materials collected during the summer holidays that he spent in Tashkent.
Work in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod
In 1914, A. S. Uklonsky graduated from the university with a degree in petrography [3] with a diploma of the first degree and was left at the university to prepare for a professorship [4] . In 1915, he actively participated in the group of young students of V.I. Vernadsky , assembled by professor V.V. Arshinov on the basis of the Litogey Institute for the identification of mineral raw materials. At this time, he studied the study of sulfur deposits and wrote a special article on this topic.
In January 1917, Alexander Sergeevich joined the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute ( pl ), ( en ), who was at that moment, that is, during the First World War , was evacuated to Nizhny Novgorod [5] . Here, under the guidance of professors V.A. Vanyukov and Ziegler, he mastered such applied disciplines as metallurgy, silicate production and mining.
After the transformation of the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute in Nizhny Novgorod in 1918 into the University of Nizhny Novgorod , A.S. Uklonsky headed the crystallography and mineralogy department of this university, and also taught crystallography and mineralogy to university students. In 1918, already a teacher at the University of Nizhny Novgorod, he took part in research on the soil-geological and hydrogeological structure of the right bank of the Oka River in the Pavlovsk district [6] of the Nizhny Novgorod province .
Activities in Central Asia in the 1920s and 1930s
When the first Turkestan University in Central Asia was organized in 1920 in accordance with a decree of the Soviet government, A. S. Uklonsky went to Tashkent as part of a group of scientists and teachers [7] .
Since 1920, Alexander Sergeevich Uklonsky worked at the Central Asian University (SAGU) in Tashkent. He created the departments of mineralogy in Tashkent State University and Tashkent Polytechnic Institute, as well as the largest mineralogical museum in Central Asia .
In 1926, he worked for 9 months in Afghanistan as a consultant on geology at the mixed Soviet-Afghan Commission [8] .
One of the largest theoretical issues that A.S. Uklonsky was concerned with was the theoretical position on the geochemistry of water. He proposed his own graphic method of depicting the nature of water, developed a method for determining different variants of the genesis of water, based on its chemical composition, investigated the processes of dissolution of mineral substances and their release from water that arise when different types of water are mixed. For these works, on the recommendation of academicians V.I. Vernadsky and A.E. Fersman , in 1927 A.S. Uklonsky was awarded the title of professor in 1927.
Since 1927 he is a professor at Tashkent University and at the same time (since 1930) is a professor at the Central Asian Polytechnic Institute, head of the mineralogy departments of both educational institutions. A distinctive feature of the scientific work of A. S. Uklonsky was the close linking of the scientific, mineralogical and geochemical aspects of any issue with its practical application in industry. He invented and practically used both himself and his employees a number of new measuring instruments. A. S. Uklonsky also had technological inventions, for example, an autoclave method for smelting sulfur, etc.
In 1928, A. S. Uklonsky began to develop a regulation on the paragenesis of sulfur and oil.
In 1937, A. S. Uklonsky was approved as a candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences, and in 1938 as a doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences.
In 1940, his monograph “Paragenesis of Sulfur and Oil” was published, in which he substantiates the possibility of finding oil and gas in the Gazli region [9] , in the region of which large deposits of natural gas were subsequently discovered. The scientific hypotheses of A.S. Uklonsky also contributed to the discovery of industrial sulfur deposits in Central Asia.
A number of works by A.S. Uklonsky is devoted to the geochemistry of natural waters, in particular to the clarification of the significance of isotopes in the geochemistry of water. In connection with his scientific interest in the geochemistry of water, he put forward the theory of displaced minerals. Summarizing his work, as well as developing the ideas of his teacher, academician V.I. Vernadsky, he gave new definitions to the concept of "mineral" and "crystal", and also introduced a new concept of "protocrystal", which was understood as a real crystallized molecule. Developing the concept of "protocrystal", he introduced the concept of "paraelements" associated with it - elements that are simultaneously in the protocrystal.
A.S. Uklonsky proposed a geochemical classification of natural minerals, which made it possible to facilitate the work of practical specialists - search geologists, chemists, metallurgists, and technologists. He also wrote the textbook “Mineralogy”, according to which more than one generation of geological students studied. A.S. Uklonsky was a major specialist in hydrogeochemistry and determination of the physical properties of minerals. In the last years of his life, he developed the theory of the isobaric and isotonic paragenesis of chemical elements. He, on the basis of the ideas expressed by V.I. Vernadsky, put forward an interesting mineralogical hypothesis of the formation of the Earth.
In the 1920s, he was one of the organizers in Tashkent of the Central Asian branch of the Geological Committee, on the basis of which a number of institutes of geological profile subsequently arose, and the head of a large number of works to identify the mineral wealth of Central Asia. It was through the works of Alexander Sergeyevich Uklonsky, his employees and students that the earlier prevailing opinion about the barrenness of Central Asia was refuted.
In 1924, he organized exploration of the Aurakhmat fluorite deposit, its production and processing. In 1927, under his leadership, the rationale for the raw material base of a cement plant in Kuvasay was justified. In 1928-1930, A. S. Uklonsky organized a team of young geologists to explore the sulfur deposit, as a result of which the Shorsuyskoye and Chanyrtashskoye deposits were discovered and commissioned. In 1928, he and his students worked on the study of the Nuratinsky district, where the largest Gazgan marble and emery deposits were discovered, among other things. At the same time, under his leadership, research was conducted in the Karakalinsky district of Turkmenistan.
In 1935-1937, under his leadership, the Verkhnechirchik expedition in the Aktash region discovered the Arkutsayskoye marble deposit, acid resistance of the Melovy Pass in Chimgan, the Zarkentskoye marble deposit, etc. Much was done by Uklonsky to provide mineral raw materials to plants evacuated to Tashkent from the European part of the USSR during the war . In connection with the creation of the refractory industry in Uzbekistan at that time, A.S. Uklonsky took an active part in the study of Angren kaolin clays.
Under the direction of A. S. Uklonsky, iron ore deposits of Central Asia were studied for many years, and the mineralogy of a number of polymetallic deposits in the region was also studied.
Activities in the 40s of the XX Century
In November 1943, when the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR was organized, A.S. Uklonsky became an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. In the same year (1943) he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the Uzbek SSR.
As a result of the work carried out by Uklonsky and his students, more than 400 minerals were studied in detail, as well as several new types of minerals were discovered. One of these newly discovered minerals was named in honor of Alexander Sergeyevich Uklonsky uklonskovite . Under his leadership, 2 doctoral dissertations and over 22 master's theses were defended.
He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in 1944 for his pedagogical work and discovery of iron ore deposits. In 1946 he was awarded the Order of Lenin for outstanding achievements in the study of the bowels of Central Asia, and in the same year he was awarded the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
A. S. Uklonsky was repeatedly (in 1936, 1939) elected a deputy of the city council of Deputies. Repeatedly (1945, 1950, 1963) he was awarded diplomas of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Uzbek SSR.
The last years of life
In the last years of his life, A. S. Uklonsky continued to actively engage in scientific and pedagogical work, and gave lectures to students of the university and the Polytechnic Institute in Tashkent. In 1960, as part of the Soviet delegation, participated in the work of the International Mineralogical Congress in Zurich .
In 1964, he was elected an Honorary Member of the Russian Mineralogical Society [10] .
Died A. S. Uklonsky in Tashkent in 1972 and was buried in the Botkin cemetery of the city [11] . In Soviet times, in the main building of Tashkent University at the University Museum there was a memorial room-museum of A. S. Uklonsky.
Family
Alexander Sergeevich Uklonsky was married three times. The first time he married while still a university student. From his first marriage, he had three children. However, his wife and children did not go with him when he was forced to go to Tashkent in 1920. In Tashkent A.S. Uklonsky married a second time. From this marriage he had no children. After the death of his wife, he married Nina Timofeevna Vinichenko. From this marriage in 1954 his son Leonid was born.
Some scientific works
- A. S. Uklonsky . To the petrography of the Chimgan tract. Notes of the geological department of the society of lovers of natural sciences, anthropology and ethnography. 1915, p. 1-21, with illustrations.
- A. S. Uklonsky . We need to have our own sulfur. Ore Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 2, 1916, p. 56-60.
- A. S. Uklonsky . "Mineralogy". Tutorial. Moscow, Gostoptekhizdat, 1940.
- A. S. Uklonsky . "Paragenesis of sulfur and oil", Tashkent, 1940.
- A. S. Uklonsky . Geochemical classification of minerals in the earth's crust, "Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR", 1949, No. 8.
- A. S. Uklonsky . "Classification of natural silicon minerals" in the book "Anniversary collection dedicated to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Uzbek SSR", Tashkent, 1949.
- A. S. Uklonsky . "Paragenesis of minerals paraelements", "Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR", 1952, No. 3.
- A. S. Uklonsky . “On Mixed Minerals,” Izvestia AN UzSSR, 1955, No. 8.
- A. S. Uklonsky . “The first variant of uranium paraelements”, “Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR”, 1957, No. 8.
- A. S. Uklonsky . “A New Mineralogical Hypothesis of the Formation of the Earth”, Scientific works of Tashkent State University, Issue 234 “Geology”, Geological sciences, vol. 20, 1964, p. 7-21.
- A.S. Uklonsky, V.M. Glushchenko and L.P. Kraynova . "Isotopic composition of water in Uzbekistan." Tashkent, 1965, (83 pp., Bibliography of 33 titles).
- A.S. Uklonsky, M.N. Tsapenko, and V.M. Glushchenko . “Isotopic composition of water of some gypsum and clay of North-Eastern Ferghana”, Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, No. 1, p. 39-40.
- A. S. Uklonsky . “On the history of the development of mineralogy and geochemistry in Uzbekistan”, “Uzbek Geological Journal”, 1967, No. 4, p. 32-36.
- A. S. Uklonsky . "History of the Department of Mineralogy, Tashkent State University." Collection of memoirs “Memory of difficult roads”, Tashkent, “Ukituvchi”, 1980, p. 96 - 106.
Notes
- ↑ His father, Archpriest Sergei Stefanovich Uklonsky (1856 - 1931) arrived in Tashkent in 1901, was the law teacher and rector of the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Church at the Tashkent Men's Gymnasium. He died in Tashkent.
- ↑ About the father of Alexander Uklonsky, the priest Sergei Uklonsky, Olga Poslavskaya writes in her memoirs (“My Tashkent”): “Before the revolution, there were gymnasiums, male and female. I heard a lot about them from my mother, who graduated from the female gymnasium in 1910. The fairly liberal mores of leadership and the high qualifications of many teachers were known. ... The stories of the teacher of the law of God’s priest Uklonsky (father of the famous geologist, academician A. S. Uklonsky) were remembered. It was cultured enough not to annoy students with its subject. ”After the February Revolution, Sergey Uklonsky held to updateist positions. It is known ( S. Asanova. “By all the commandments and charters of the Lord ...” Archived on February 21, 2007. ) that after the Revolution Archpriest Sergei Uklonsky was part of the newly formed diocesan administration in Turkestan.
- ↑ Site of the Department of Petrology, Geological Faculty of Moscow State University (Inaccessible link) . Date of treatment September 17, 2007. Archived October 20, 2007.
- ↑ A modern analogue of this is admission to graduate school.
- ↑ In 1915, the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute was evacuated to Moscow in connection with the events of the First World War. The academic year 1915-1916 was spent in Moscow using the equipment of local technical schools. In 1916, the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute moved to Nizhny Novgorod, where classes began on October 1, 1916 in temporary premises. 4600 applicants took part in the competitive exams this year, and 400 people were accepted to the first year of the institute. In June 1917, the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute was abolished by a resolution of the Provisional Government and the Nizhny Novgorod Polytechnic Institute was established on its basis on October 1, 1917. In June 1918, the Nizhny Novgorod State University (NSU) was established by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars , which included the Nizhny Novgorod Polytechnic Institute (NPI), the People's University (Natural Humanities), Higher Agricultural Courses, and subsequently included the Higher Medical Courses and the Pedagogical Institute.
- ↑ Yu. V. Poroshin. "Hydrogeological work in the Nizhny Novgorod province" (Unavailable link) . Date of treatment September 17, 2007. Archived September 28, 2007.
- ↑ The group of Russian scientists, engineers, doctors and teachers who arrived in Tashkent in the early 20s of the XX century to organize the university included: V.I. Romanovsky , S.N. Naumov, L.V. Oshanin , A. A. Semenov, A. S. Uklonsky , N. L. Korzhenevsky , D. N. Kashkarov, A. L. Brodsky, M. G. Popov, M. V. Kultiasov, E. P. Korovin, I. A. Raikova and others - TSB
- ↑ V. Germanov. “The descendants of the Venetian clan Maji in St. Petersburg, Tobolsk, Khojent, Ferghana, Bukhara, Tashkent, Dushanbe. Part 1 " :" In 1926, A. S. Uklonsky worked for 9 months in Afghanistan as a geological consultant with the mixed Soviet-Afghan Commission. Geologically, Afghanistan has been investigated by 3 English geologists: the director of the Indian Geological Committee, Hayden (Heyden, 1911), who discovered the geological structure of central and northern parts of Afghanistan, the geologist Griesbach (1880), who illuminated the southern part of Afghanistan, and Wredenburg. Auxiliary surveys were carried out by the mineralogist A. S. Uklonsky, who, using also the data of D. D. Bukinich, compiled part of the geological map of central Afghanistan. ”
- ↑ Russian Oil Magazine
- ↑ Honorary members of the Russian Mineralogical Society
- ↑ Grave of A. S. Uklonsky at the Botkinsky cemetery in Tashkent
Literature
- Alexander Sergeevich Uklonsky. Tashkent, Tashkent State University, 1968.
- A. S. Uklonsky “History of the Department of Mineralogy of Tashkent State University”.
Links
- Olga Poslavskaya “My Tashkent”. The journal " Star of the East ", No. 12, 1989. p.159-178. (inaccessible link)