Afrikaans

Afrikaans are native to most of the white and colored populations of South Africa and Namibia.

Afrikaans carriers make up the majority in the Western Cape and North Cape provinces of South Africa, as well as in the west of Free State (in these territories a considerable part of them are colored). In addition, many (mostly white) Afrikaans carriers live in some relatively large cities in the center of the country ( Pretoria , Bloemfontein , Potchefstroom , Feriniing , Welkom , Klerksdorp , Krugersdorp , Johannesburg ).

Many Afrikaans carriers do not consider themselves either “white” or “color” and are identified as “Afrikaans speaking South Africans” or “Namibians”. The collective name for Afrikaans carriers is Afrikaanses ; it is a broader term than Afrikaners - white Afrikaans native speakers.

Afrikaans are native to about 6 million people (in South Africa, according to the 2001 census, 5,983,426 ^[1] ); The total number of speakers is about 10 million people.

Afrikaans and Dutch carriers can understand each other without prior preparation (literary Afrikaans differs from literary Dutch less than many Dutch dialects themselves).

The Afrikaans did not reflect the dialectal differences related to which regions of the Netherlands the settlers came to Kaap : all the dialectal varieties were already formed directly in South Africa. It is customary to distinguish three main varieties of Afrikaans:

• Eastern ( Oosgrens-Afrikaans ), which became the basis of the literary language: it is the language of free settlers in the east of the Cape Colony (to Fish River ), and later - Fortrekkers ( Boers ), free peasants who left the Great Track deep into the continent and founded the Transvaal and Orange Free the state ;
• Kapse ( Kaapse Afrikaans ) - the language of the Western Kaapa is, first of all, the language of slaves (brought from other colonies) and servants from the local population who were most influenced by the Malay - Portuguese- Dutch Creole ; now it is mainly a language of color , many of which are Muslims ;
• Orange-Orange ( Oranjerivier-Afrikaans ) is the talk of another mixed population group, descendants mainly from white marriages and Hottentots who moved from the Cape Colony to the north, to the present North Cape Province and Namibia ; this Afrikaans variety is spoken, for example, by the busters and grikva .

The linguistic differences of all these varieties are small and are reduced mainly to lexical and minor phonological features.

The specific features of the Afrikaans language probably took shape by the end of the 17th century in the Cape Colony . During the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth centuries. Afrikaans functioned only as spoken language , with the exception of mistakes made by the Boers in the texts in the Dutch language . The basis for Afrikaans was mainly the dialect of South Holland , but the influence of the Flemish dialect is also traced: for example, the adjective suffix -lijk corresponds to the not expected -lyk [lɛjk] , and -lik [lək] , which is also characteristic of the Flemish dialects. In addition, undoubtedly, the influence of the Malay-Portuguese Creole used in the Dutch East Indies (from which slaves were brought to the Cape colony) and various jargons and pidzhins based on Dutch dialects used among sailors ^[2] . Thus, the words piesang “banana” ( Malay. Pisang , niderl. Banaan ) or baie “very” came from Malay.

Probably the earliest monument of Afrikaans - songs recorded in 1795 (like chastooshkas ). In 1861, J. H. Merant published the story “ Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar ” (“The Conversation of Klaas Varzeher [the Telling the Truth] and Jan Thveyfelaar [the Doubtful]”), which is considered the first text in Afrikaans. In the 1860s, a monument of “Arabic Afrikaans” was created - the instruction in the Islamic faith of Abu-Bakra-efendi, written in Afrikaans in Arabic letters . The first Afrikaans grammar and vocabulary was published in 1875 in Cape Town by the Society of True Afrikaners ( Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners ). A year later, the first newspaper in Afrikaans, Die Afrikaanse Patriot , began to appear in the Parle , in honor of which a monument to the language was later erected ^[3] . With the rise of Boer patriotism , especially in the Transvaal and the Orange Republic , the value of Afrikaans grew rapidly, and after the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 , it began to receive increasing recognition.

In 1909, the Afrikaans Language Commission was created, the organ regulator of the language, which was initially called Africa. Spellingskommissie , and since 1964 has been the current name of Africa. Die Taalkommissie and is currently a division of the South African Academy of Arts and Sciences ^[4] .

Nevertheless, with the formation of South Africa in 1910, Afrikaans did not yet become the official language of the country (then, along with English, they still had Dutch) and only in 1925 entrenched as the official language of South Africa (now South Africa ). In the era of apartheid, the role of Afrikaans as the only national language of South Africa was emphasized in every way and training was obligatory.

He is now one of the 11 official languages ​​of the Republic of South Africa , although its role in society has been partially reduced. Nevertheless, he occupies an important place, for example, in the media: although South African Tele-Radio Corporation (SABC) reduced the number of programs for Afrikaans, its position in the print media is very strong: for example, the Huisgenoot family magazine has the largest circulation in SOUTH AFRICA. There are other newspapers and magazines in Afrikaans, quite a lot of books are published, there is a paid cable channel “ KykNet ” and specialized radio stations. At the same time, more attention is paid to Afrikaans, formerly considered “non-standard” and “non-literary” - in particular, the Cape Afrikaans, which is spoken by most speakers of this language.

Afrikaans uses Latin , with additional diacritical marks ( acute , circumflex ). Digraphs are also used.

The letters Cc, Qq, Xx, Zz are used only in borrowings . Of the diacritics, the most commonly used circumflex is: ê [ɛː] , ô [ɔː] , û [ːː] (the latter is found in just two words), î [əː] . The diuresis is used to indicate the double syllable of writing ( reën “rain”, cf. niderl. Regen ). Digraphs are quite usable: ie [i (ː)] , eu [əə] , oe [u (ː)] , ch [ʃ] , [tʃ] , tj [tʃ] , [c] , dj [dʒ] , [ɟ ] . When adapting foreign words, the spelling is sometimes preserved ( genie “ genius”), but more often it adapts ( annekseer “annex”).

An important principle of spelling Afrikaans - a consistent reflection of the vowel length . Short vowels in a closed syllable are written in one letter, but if the syllable becomes open, then the single consonant after the short vowel doubles, which does not affect the pronunciation: cf. mat [ m a t ] "mat", pl. including matte [ m a t ə ]. On the contrary, long vowels in a closed syllable are denoted by digraphs, and if the syllable is open, they are written in one letter: boom [ b o ː m ] “tree”, pl. h. bome [ b o ː m ə ]. The long [eː] is traditionally written doubled and at the end of the word: see [ s e ː ] "lake".

Sometimes, as in Dutch, an acuta is used to indicate the stress of a word or semantic meaning: sometimes it has a distinctive meaning, such as die “definite article ”, dié “this”.

Words are capitalized if they are proper names and at the beginning of a sentence. In addition, if the beginning of the sentence is the indefinite article 'n , then the following word is written with a capital letter: ' n Man het met my gepraat .

From a linguistic point of view, Afrikaans is partly close to other Germanic languages, and especially Dutch (partly in it features inherent in the Middle Dutch language , but lost in the modern literary language of the Netherlands). In Afrikaans, there was a simplification of the system of declension and conjugation (despite the fact that the syntax was, basically, Dutch), but in its scale it is quite comparable with what happened, for example, in English .

Phonetics and phonology

The phonetic system Afrikaans close to the Netherlands. It is distinguished from the latter by the nasalization of vowels (with compensatory lengthening ) before deaf spirants (cf. Afrikaans [mɛ̃ːs] , niderl. [M человекns] mens , “man”), stunning all voiced gap consonants , including the beginning of the word ( Suid-Afrika , Netherlands. Zuid-Afrika ). In addition, the Afrikaans is characterized by the loss of consonants - first of all, g (phonetically [x] , in the Netherlands is possible and [ɣ] ) - between the vowels: cf. reël "rule", niderl. regel . This also affects [d] : cf. oud "old", ouer "older." Sometimes [d] moves between vowels (especially after long ones) in [j] : blad “list”, pl. h. blaaie . Another characteristic of Afrikaans is the simplification of clusters ( concatenations ) of consonants, especially at the end of the word: cf. pos "mail", niderl. post . When inflection and word formation, etymological confluences can be restored: nag "night", pl. h. nagte .

Consonants

In brackets in the table are phonemes that are found only in borrowings . Thus, [ tʃ ], [ dʒ ], [ ʃ ], [ ʒ ] are found almost exclusively in borrowed or onomatopoeic words (cf. sjiek “chic”, tjek “check”, tjilp “tweet”). The same applies to [ g ] (cf. rugby "rugby", ghnoe "( wildebeest )"), which is sometimes found in the original words , especially after / r / ( berge "mountains", burger "citizen"); Wed also nege [ n i ə x ə ] "nine". Palatal blasting [ c ] and [ ɟ ] are found mainly in diminutives , for example stoeltjie “high chair”, hondjie “dog”. [ c ] is also sometimes found as a variant of / k / in front of front vowels . After tooth consonants / v / (spelling w ) is implemented as [ w ], cf. twee [ t w i ə ] "two".

For Afrikaans, various assimilative processes are typical: for example, / ɦ / depending on the subsequent vowel can also be implemented as [ j ] (in front of front vowels) or [ w ] (in front of rounded vowels ). Similarly, / x / in front of front vowels can be realized as [ ç ]; in the field of consonantism various regressive and progressive assimilations are possible. In addition, Afrikaans, as well as the Dutch language, is characterized by stunning consonants at the absolute end of the word, and the sonority is restored before the vowel: held [ h ɛ l t ] “hero”, held “ [ h ɛ l d ə n ]“ heroine ”.

Vowels

The composition of Afrikaans vowels, in general, coincides with the composition of Dutch vowels.

Afrikaans also have a rich diphthong system, including true diphthongs and so-called. “Double vowels” ^[5] , which include combinations of long vowels with [i] , which usually appear before diminutive suffixes ( raatjie ), but are also found in roots ( waai ).

Issues related to the implementation of a vowel spelled as i , as well as long vowels of medium lift, are especially difficult. It is traditionally considered that i corresponds to the MFA symbol [ə] , however B. Donaldson ^[6] indicates that this vowel actually has a slightly higher rise than the true [ə] occurring in Afrikaans in the unstressed position; Donaldson himself designates it as ï ; most likely, in the MFA it most closely corresponds to [ɪ] . As for the “long vowels of the average rise”, in traditional descriptions they are supposed to be diphthongs [iə] , [uə] or [ij] , [uw] : the same Donaldson believes that the more correct would be the transcription [eə] , [oə] ^[7] .

Among the processes in the field of vowels, one should note frequent reduction of unstressed vowels to [ə] , syncope [ə] ( gisteraand “last night” [ x ə ˈ s t r a n d ]), increase of e and o in the syllable before [i ] , [u] ( polisie “ police ” [ p u ˈ l i s i ]), lowering e and o in the second pre-stressed syllable to [ɛ] , [ɔ] ( energie “ energy ” [ ɛ n ə r ˈ x i ]), ( non- regulatory ) delabialization [ʏ] , [œ] , [ø] , [œy] to [i] , [ə / ɪ] , [e:] , [əi] ( muur " wall " [ m i ː r ] instead of [ m y ː r ]), lowering [ɛ] to [æ] before [l] , [k] , [r] , [x] ^[8] .

Other phonological details

The emphasis in Afrikaans, as in other Germanic languages , usually falls on the first syllable : cf. spéler "player", ónderwys "teach"; exceptions in the original words are unstressed prefixes be-, ge-, ver-, er-, her- : bespréék “order”. In borrowed words, the stress is usually preserved: koepéé "coupe".

As in the Dutch language , the combinations [l] + consonant, [r] plus consonant at the end of the word undergo epenthesis [ə] : melk [ m ɛ l ə k ] "milk".

Morphology

Afrikaans is the language of the analytical system and is characterized by a weak morphological structure . The intensive process of decay of flexion leads to the complete destruction of the declension system of the name and conjugation system in the verb (the loss of personal endings). The opposition of weak and strong verbs characteristic of all other Germanic languages ​​has been almost completely destroyed, temporary oppositions are expressed in analytical forms (as in some German dialects ).

Nouns and adjectives

The noun in Afrikaans does not distinguish between childbirth , in contrast to the Dutch language, where the common and middle genders differ; case oppositions are completely lost (however, almost destroyed in the Netherlands). Nevertheless, the opposition by number remains. The most common way to form the plural is the suffix -e ( mens "man" - plural. Mense ; dag "day" - plural. Dae ), less productive is the suffix -s (although it is still more common than Dutch; storm "storm" - plural storms ); rarely, there are other morphemes , for example, kind of "child" - pl. h. kinders , ouer "parent" - pl. h. ouers , suppletivism ( seeman "sailor", seeliede "sailors"). As noted above, during the formation of the plural, consonants that are not present in the singular form can be restored: gas “guest” - pl. h. gaste .

There are two articles in Afrikaans: certain ( die ) and indefinite (' n [ə] or [ə̃] ).

• Compound adjectives append -e : ' n winderige dag “windy day”. The exceptions are:
  • complex adjectives, the second component of which is an adjective that does not append -e : ' n wondermooi meisie “amazingly beautiful ( mooi ) girl”;
  • adjectives on -er , el (including a comparative degree ): 'n lekker piesang ' delicious banana ',' n langer pad 'longer way'.
• Attach -e one-syllable adjectives to [x] , [d] , [u] , [f] , [s] , and the interlaces described above can occur:
  • loss of d (' n wye romp “wide ( wyd ) skirt”), with a possible transition to [j] ( ' n goeie oes “good ( goed ) harvest”), exceptions: wreed , oud (has a special form ou );
  • [x] fallout: ' n lae muur “low ( laag ) wall”;
  • restoration of the final consonant: ' n slegte reuk "bad ( sleg ) smell", ' n vaste rëel "hard ( vas ) rule";
  • increment [v] (for adjectives on -u ): ' n ruwe speler “rude ( ru ) player”;
  • f to w : ' n dowwe lig “dim ( dof ) light”.
• Other monosyllabic adjectives, as a rule, are not attached.

An adjective has three degrees of comparison : positive, comparative, and excellent : groot "big" - groter "bigger" - ( die ) grootste "biggest" (superlative degree is always used with a definite article ). The degrees of comparison of adverbs are formed in the same way. The formation of degrees of comparison is regular, except for the three exceptions ( min - minder - minst "small", goed - beter - beste "good", baie - meer - meest "very, many") and morphological processes similar to those described above: oud "old" - ouer "older", sag "soft" - sagter " softer". In addition, d grows all adjectives ending with r : lekker “nice” - lekkerder before -er .

Pronouns

Personal pronouns (in the singular) preserve the distinction of two cases : direct and objective; their distribution is similar to the distribution of pronominal cases in other languages, for example, English or Swedish : a direct case in the role of the subject and the nominal part of the predicate , the object case in the position of addition , including after prepositions .

The form u is used about the same as the Russian respectful "you". The forms sy and hy are usually used only in relation to persons, although there are exceptions: Waar is die trein? - Hy is laat “Where is the train? - He is late".

Possessive pronouns in the general case coincide with the forms of the object case. The exception is made by the forms 3 persons of a masculine and inanimate objects where the form sy is used . In addition, possessive (but not personal) julle , hulle allow options jul , hul .

Possessive pronouns also have forms for use in the predicative function and in the ellipsis of the main name: cf. hierdie jas is joune . Waar is myne ? “This is your coat. Where is mine ? These pronouns look like this:

Verb

The Afrikaans verb system is greatly simplified compared to the Dutch . Conjugation (change in faces and numbers) has completely disappeared, most of the verbs have only two forms: the actual verb and the participle form. There are almost no synthetic forms , they have been replaced by analytical ones , cf .: ek praat Afrikaans “I speak Afrikaans”, hulle sal Afrikaans praat “They will speak Afrikaans”, he het Afrikaans gepraat “You spoke Afrikaans”, ons sou Afrikaans gepraat "We would speak Afrikaans." The infinitive form coincides with personal forms; the sentence before it uses om te elements (if there is an object with an infinitive, it is placed between om and te ): ek hoop om haar weer te sien “I hope ( hoop ) to see it again ( haar )”.

In most non-derivative verbs, the participle form is formed by adding the prefix ge- . In the case of detachable prefixes, this suffix is inserted between the prefix and the root : Ma skep op "Mom lays the table", Ma het al opge skep "Mom has already laid the table." For verbs with non-detachable prefixes, the form of the participle does not differ from all other forms: Hy bestuur hierdie firma "He directs this company", Hy het dit altyd bestuur "He always supervised it".

The infinitive form, which differs from personal forms, is preserved in only two verbs, they also retain special forms of the participle: hê “have” (personal form - het , participle - gehad ) and wees “be” (personal form - is , participle - gewees ) . Slightly more verbs preserved special forms of the preterite (past tense): the same wees ( was ), wil “want” ( wou ), sal - auxiliary verb of the future tense ( sou ), moet “must” ( moes ), kan “can” ( kon ). Dag (from dink “think”) and wis (from weet “know”) are also rarely used.

Different kinds of temporal oppositions are expressed in Afrikaans mainly with the help of analytical forms formed with the help of the auxiliary verbs het “have”, wees “be”, sal (and sou ) - future tense, word - auxiliary verb of the passive voice :

Syntax

In general, the Afrikaans syntax is similar to the Dutch syntax and generally has a small number of features that would set it apart from other Germanic languages . As in Dutch or German , the second place in the sentence is taken by the finite verb form (in the case of the analytic form, its finite part), while the first component can be either the subject or another member of the sentence. If the predicate is expressed by the analytical verb form, the participle is placed at the end of the sentence: ek lees 'n boek “I read a book”, ek het' n boek gelees “I read a book”. A simple indirect addition comes before the direct one: ek het my broer 'n boek gegee “I gave my brother a book”; prepositional addition, on the contrary, is placed after the direct: ek het 'n boek vir my broer gegee - the same. The possessiveness relationship is expressed either by the preposition van ( die boek van die broer “brother’s book”), or by the possessive particle se ( die broer se boek is the same). The se particle (now inconsistent) goes back to vertex possessive labeling with the use of a possessive pronoun: there used to be die broer sy boek , die meisie haar boek (cf. possible in Dutch de broer z'n (zijn) boek , de zuster d'r boek ).

For Afrikaans, double negation is characteristic: the first element can be the actual nie n denial (comes right after the verb) or a negative pronoun ( geen "none, nêrens -), and the second is the nie element, which is put at the end: ek het nie dié boek gelees nie "I did not read this book", hy het geen boek gelees nie "he did not read any book."

In the subordinate sentence in Afrikaans, as in other Germanic languages, the word order differs from that used in the main sentence: the subject comes first, and all verb forms are at the end: ek weet dat jou dié boek lees “I know that you are reading this book. If in the subordinate sentence the verb is in perfect , then in Afrikaans (as in German , but unlike Dutch), the auxiliary verb het is in the last place: ek weet dat jou dié boek gelees het "I know that you have read this book." At the same time, when using forms with sal , sou and modal verbs, the infinitive (as in Dutch, but unlike German) comes after auxiliary forms: hy het my gesê dat hy môre sou kom "he told me that he would come tomorrow." As a relative pronoun, wat “what” is widely used, including for individuals: die man wat ek ontmoet het is my vriend “the person I met is my friend”.

The use of the preposition vir in front of personal straight objects is widespread: hy slaan vir Piet “he hits Pete”.

In conversational Afrikaans, the use of an allied subordinate connection is widespread, in which the order of words in a subordinate sentence is the same as in the main one ^[9] : Karel sê hym sal tienuur huistoe com “Karel says (that) he will come home tomorrow at ten o'clock” .

Vocabulary

Afrikaans vocabulary reflects the history of the settlement of the Cape Colony : it is basically Dutch, more precisely Dutch (although there are also lexical doublets in the Netherlands distributed in dialects , such as werp and gooi "throw": the first word is spread in the south of the Netherlands, the second is in the north). Quite a lot of borrowing from French , but mostly international vocabulary ( energie , genie , etc.); the influence of German is limited ( werskaf "doing something about smth." - from him. verschaffen ). A lot of borrowing from Malay - Portuguese Creole , and both Malay and Portuguese origin: Malay. baie "very, many" piering "saucer" port. tronk "prison", mielie "corn". There are almost no borrowings from local languages in Afrikaans, and those that exist mostly reflect local realities ( gogga, kamma, kamtig, donga, indaba ).

Despite the relatively rich vocabulary of the language, young Afrikaans speakers in the cities of South Africa constantly use English words and whole phrases in their everyday language. The phenomenon is interesting in that in the overwhelming majority of cases in Afrikaans there is a corresponding word or phrase. The reason lies in the fact that English in the eyes of many representatives of the urban youth looks fashionable and "advanced", and also that the right word for Afrikaans sometimes does not immediately come to mind. The use of Afrikaans is slowly but steadily narrowing. Recently, for many Afrikaans has become almost exclusively the language of everyday communication. Young people after graduation read little and write in the language, hence the tendency to replace Afrikaans vocabulary with English correspondences.

In phonetics, the differences between Afrikaans and the Netherlands are largely due to differences in the dialectic basis of Afrikaans and literary Dutch; In some cases, Afrikaans "preserves" the norm, which in the Netherlands is considered obsolete (for example, the open pronunciation of e in the word wereld "world" (in Afrikaans, wêreld ) ^[10] ). Among the phonetic differences are the following (the part was mentioned earlier) ^[11] :

• the pronunciation of a long nasalized vowel in words like mens ;
• deaf [f], [s], [x] in place of the Dutch orthographic v , z , g ;
• falling away of the final after deaf spirants: nag "night" - pl. h. nagte , cf. the nether nacht, nachten ;
• falling d and g between vowels: spieël , niderl. spiegel "mirror";
• pronouncing sk instead of sch ( [sx] ) at the beginning of the morpheme : skool “school” instead of school , suffix -skap instead of -schap .
• pronouncing -er ( [ɛːr] ) instead of dutch -aar ( perd "horse", niderl. paard )

In the field of morphology , the complete disintegration of personal flexion stands out, the infinitive and presentation forms coincide, the participle formation is regularized (the Dutch participles of strong verbs are saved only as verbal adjectives: neem “take”, ek het 'n besluit geneem “I made a decision”,' n genome besluit “Decision” (cf. in the Dutch ik heb het besluit genomen ), the disappearance of the synthetic preterite . In the system of the name - the complete disappearance of the case system , the disappearance of the grammatical gender , the lack of coordination of adjectives. ichieh - use in Afrikaans of reduplication to express values ​​like the type of verbal adverbs or adverbs : hy kom lag-lag "he goes laughing."

Differences in syntax (double negation, different word order in subordinate sentences) and vocabulary were noted above.

Afrikaans, being a leading language in South Africa for a long time, influenced other languages ​​with which it was in contact. Borrowing from Afrikaans penetrated many Bantu languages common in South Africa, as well as the South African variety of English (for example, lekker "pleasant" along with nice , bakkie "small truck"). The Afrikaans vocabulary also had a great influence on contact languages that developed in the midst of mixing large groups of workers from different tribes — primarily in mines : for example, many words from Afrikaans absorbed fanagalo in diamond and gold mines territory. Words from Afrikaans are, for example, in the Bemba language used in the copper mines of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia ). In addition, Afrikaans influenced Koine , which were formed in the urban environment (in particular, in the era of apartheid , when Afrikaans had a school education), such as isikamto ( flataal ).

Many Afrikaans words designating specific local realities entered into other languages ​​of the world: these realities were especially famous after the Second Boer War : these are the words veld , commando ( kommando ), boer , English. trek "pioneering journey".

Afrikaans is widely used in education, mainly in areas where its carriers are in the majority. In the era of apartheid, schooling was conducted in Afrikaans in South Africa, South - West Africa and the quasi-independent Bantustan Bophuthatswana . Afrikaans was also taught in most universities. Currently, the scope of its use in teaching has declined, some schools have introduced parallel use of English or local languages. From Afrikaans universities (usually along with English) is preserved in Stellenbosch (“Boer Oxford ”), Northwestern University , Pretoria and the University of the Free State .

A number of manuals, including the authoritative manual of R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin, recommend transferring names from Afrikaans according to the rules of transcription from the Dutch language ^[12] . However, in practice, these requirements are not always met: the differences are related to the transfer of g ( r or x ), v ( v or f ), vowels, which are written as oo and ee (in Russian oo , o , resp. Ee , e , u ), u (for example, Johannesburg , but burghers ).

• Ceylon Dutch

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• Valkhoff, Marius F. 1971. Descriptive bibliography of Afrikaans linguistics: A survey of major works and authors // Sebeok, TA, ed. Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa . The Hague and Paris: Mouton. pp. 455-500
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• Afrikaans language, alphabet and pronunciation Linguapedia linguistic encyclopedia
• Article about Afrikaans
• Articles on Afrikaans and Afrikaners on South Africa.
• Afrikaans-Russian online dictionary "Multitran" with the ability to replenish users
• Afrikaans Online Course
• Afrikaans page on SALnguages.com (English)
• Pages about Afrikaans on the website of the University of Vienna (nid.)
• Radio Sonder Grense Afrikaans Radio with online broadcast
• Afrikaans Newspapers: Beeld , Die Burger , Volksblad (South Africa), Die Republikein (Namibia)