In the field of education and operations research, the Dreyfus Skill Acquisition Model is a model for students to acquire skills through formal training and practice. Brothers Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus proposed this model in 1980, while working at the influential Center for Operations Research at the University of California (Berkeley) , for the US Air Force Research Office . The model assumes that a person goes through five different stages: a beginner, an advanced beginner, a competent, experienced expert.
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Levels
Novice Beginners are very worried about their performance, their experience is not enough to move in the right direction and they do not know whether their actions will be right. Beginners usually do not want to learn, but they want to achieve instant results. They don’t know how to react to errors and therefore are easily confused when something goes wrong. But they can be quite effective when they are given a set of contextually independent rules in the form "in the case of XXX, do UUU." In other words, they need a recipe or algorithm.
Advanced beginner. Advanced beginners are already starting to gradually depart from the fixed rules. They can try some tasks on their own, but they still have difficulty resolving the problems that arise. Beginners can use the tips in the right context, given their experience in such situations, but a little. And although they are already beginning to formulate some general principles, they still do not see the "whole picture." If you try to provide them with a wider context, they will dismiss it as if inappropriate.
Competent Competent ones build the correct models of the problem area and use it effectively. Able to fix problems that have not been encountered before. People at this level are often said to "have the initiative." They can teach newcomers and not pester experts. True, they still do not have enough experience to successfully prioritize tasks. As a matter of fact, it is from this level that a person can already be called an engineer - the competent ones solve problems, and do not work according to the algorithm.
Experienced (Proficient). Experts need a "complete picture" of the problem area, because they want to understand the whole concept. They make a significant breakthrough in the framework of the Dreyfus brothers model, because they constantly evaluate the work done and revise their approaches in order to be even more effective next time. They can also learn using other people's experience. And most importantly, they always take into account the context of the task. If you go back to programming, then a great example of illustration is the use of design patterns. Only experienced use them exclusively where necessary, and not thoughtlessly and everywhere, because it is cool and fashionable.
Expert (Expert). Experts are the main source of knowledge and information in any field. They are constantly looking for all the best and best working methods. They always apply all their huge knowledge in the right context. They write books, articles and conduct seminars. These are modern sorcerers. Experts are guided by intuition. Dr. House, with one glance at the patient (or his medical record in general) could make a diagnosis - a typical example of an expert. Experts work through the unconscious “pattern matching” based on their experience. The only problem is that the function “comparison with the sample” is asynchronous and is located in the part of the brain that is not controlled by consciousness.
See also
- Skill
- Neuroplasticity
- Kata
- Merlot Ponti