Samuel Choir (sometimes spelled Samuel Hoar ) ( English Samuel John Gurney Hoare , February 24, 1880 - May 7, 1959 ) - English intelligence, conservative British politician, statesman of the 1920s and 1930s.
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Biography
The eldest son of Sir Samuel Horus, 1st Baronet. He studied at the London elite Harrow school and the New College of Oxford University . After graduating from the University in 1903, his father arranged for his appointment as assistant personal secretary to the Minister for Colonial Affairs Alfred Littelton . In 1907 he was elected to the Council of the London County. In 1910 he was elected to the House of Commons . The title of Baronet, 2nd Baronet, inherited in 1915. During the First World War he worked in a position related to the organization of conscription, while also studying the Russian language.
SIS Service
In 1916, he was appointed to the staff of the British intelligence mission at the General Staff of the Imperial Army in Petrograd. He traveled to Russia in March-June 1916 to evaluate the work of British intelligence there on the instructions of the Directorate of Military Intelligence of the War Department. In the same year, Horus was given the rank of lieutenant colonel ( English lieutenant-colonel), and on June 16, 1916 he was appointed from the SIS Director Mansfield Cumming Mansfield Cumming to the post of head of the British SIS residency in Petrograd [5] . In this post, he succeeded Major Thornhill. The British intelligence officer Oswald Rainer Oswald Rayner (1888-1961) was subordinate to Choir, whom a number of modern British intelligence experts call the organizer and direct participant in the murder of Grigory Rasputin [6] [7] [8] . Rainer, thanks to his personal close relations with Prince Yusupov, served as a link to the SIS residency in Petrograd with senior conspirators who intended to kill Rasputin [6] . In addition to Oswald Rainer, the SIS residency included: Cadbert Thornhill, John Skale, Stephen Ellay [9] . After the hasty departure of the Choir from Russia in February 1917, the duties of the head of the residency were performed by his deputy, Major Stephen Alley Stephen Alley .
For service during the war he was awarded the British Order of St. Michael and St. George in the degree of Knight-Commander.
After a business trip to Russia, Khor received a promotion, and until the end of the war in 1918, he headed the MI5 residency in Rome. Under his leadership, 100 intelligence officers worked [10] . Its main task was to influence the Italian government with the aim of continuing the participation of Italy in the war [11] . According to archives declassified in 2009, the British intelligence service SIS (MI5) established contacts with Mussolini , then a 34-year-old journalist, editor of the right-wing newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia , and since the fall of 1917 provided him with weekly financial support in the amount of 100 pounds. sterling (equivalent to 6 thousand pounds per week at the current rate) in exchange for the obligation to follow the line to participate in the war [12] . The order to start financing Mussolini was given by the Choir after a personal meeting and conversation with the object of operational development [10] [13] .
At government posts
In the years 1922-1929 he was British Air Force Minister in the Conservative Government, in this post he contributed to the creation of the British Air Force. In 1931-1935 he served as Secretary of State for India. During these years, the Chorus faced a huge task of developing and defending the new Indian Constitution in public debate. He is the architect of the Indian Constitution. By the end of the term, as it was calculated, the Chorus gave answers to 15 thousand parliamentary requests, amounted to 600 speeches for speeches, worked out 25 thousand pages of reports [14] .
Since 1935 - Minister of Foreign Affairs . After the start of the Italo-Ethiopian War, together with the French Foreign Minister Laval, he drafted a Choir-Laval agreement on the division of Ethiopian territory between Italy and Ethiopia. This agreement was the beginning of a “pacification” policy pursued by the government of Neville Chamberlain , and objectively worked to implement Mussolini's hegemonic plans to turn Ethiopia into a colony of Italy. As a result of a wave of condemnation around the world, the British government was forced to distance itself from this plan, which led to the resignation of the Choir on December 18, 1935 [14] .
He returned to the government in June 1936. In 1936-1937 - the first lord of the Admiralty . In 1937-1939 - Minister of the Interior in the Chamberlain government. In 1939-1940 - the lord-keeper of the seal . As a key figure in the inner ministerial circle of the inner council under Chamberlain, among whom the plan of the Munich Pact matured, the Chorus remained his consistent advocate and established himself as a “pacifier” of Germany, which ultimately undermined his reputation. After the outbreak of World War II and Churchill's assumption of the post of prime minister in 1940, the parliamentary activities of the Choir came to an end [14] . In 1941-1944, he was ambassador to Spain.
He was promoted to peer, receiving the title of Viscount Templewood. He died in his home in London on May 7, 1959 from a heart attack.
Selected Works
- The fourth seal: the end of a Russian chapter. (eng.) . W. Heinemann Ltd. 1930, 377 pp .. Date of treatment January 3, 2013. Archived January 5, 2013.
- Ambassador on special mission. London: Collins, 1946, 320 pp.
- The unbroken thread. Knopf, 1950, 320 pp.
- The Shadow of the Gallows. Victor Gollancz, 1951, 159 pp.
- Nine troubled years. London: Collins, 1954, 448 pp.
- Empire of the air: the advent of the air age, 1922-1929. London: Collins, 1957, 319 pp.
Notes
- ↑ BNF ID : 2011 Open Data Platform .
- ↑ 1 2 SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ The Peerage
- ↑ MI6 The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909-1949, Keith Jeffrey ISBN 978-0-7475-9183-2 (hardback), pages 103-106.
- ↑ 1 2 Oswald Rayner: Biography
- ↑ Richard Cullen. Rasputin: The role of Britain's Secret Service in the Torture and Murder, Consortium Book Sales & Dist, 2011. ISBN 1-906447-07-1
- ↑ Michael Smith. SIX: A History of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service, Part 1: Murder and Mayhem 1909-1939 (Hardcover). London: Dialogue, 2010. ISBN 978-1-906447-00-7
- ↑ Samuel Hoare on Spartacus Educational.com
- ↑ 1 2 Kington, Tom . Recruited by MI5: the name's Mussolini. Benito Mussolini , The Guardian (October 13, 2009).
- ↑ After the October coup in Russia and the subsequent withdrawal of Russia from the war, as well as the defeat of Italy at Coporetto, the British government seriously feared that Italy might abandon its obligations and try to get out of the war by concluding a truce with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Therefore, the MI5 service began a search for relevant propaganda bodies and social groups of Italians who adhere to the given line and support the "interventionist policy."
- ↑ Corriere della Sera 10/06/2009
- ↑ Benito Mussolini was MI5's man. The Times, Oct 14, 2009.
- ↑ 1 2 3 The New Encyclopedia Britanica. 15th Edition (1997), v. 5. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.