Breed Standard - a document that describes in detail the important characteristics and parameters of the animal, its exterior and other characteristics.
The breed standard is used by breeders and breeders to ensure that animals correspond to their breed characteristics, livestock specialists in the implementation of farm animals appraisal [1] , as well as judges of livestock events when evaluating the exposed representatives of this breed.
Content
Content of standards
The standard reflects the functions of the animal, its size, general appearance, color, characteristic features and other pedigree features. The standard reflects the properties prevailing in the process of breed formation that characterize the constitution, character and other qualities of representatives of this breed that are inherited. A standard may include breed history, a narrative description of details, and recommendations for expert judgment. The standard may contain a description of the permissible deviations from the standard, which are disadvantages of the representative of the breed, and signs that disqualify the representative of the breed. The sizes and shapes described in the standard may vary within specified limits or have an approximate, recommended value [2] .
The breed standard for productive and non-productive animals may vary in content. For farm animals, the basic requirements of the standards are supplemented by productivity requirements [3] . The standard for breeding poultry can contain the purpose of breeding, egg production , the minimum weight of the hatching egg [4] . The standard for cattle breeds contains data on milk productivity and live weight [5] . The standard of bee breeds, in addition to exterior features, may contain data on feed consumption, uterine egg production, loyalty, honey and wax production [6] .
Development of standards
The breed standard is accepted through scientific justification and approval. The requirements for animals of one breed or another (breed group) become mandatory for all persons working with this breed in accordance with the rules and breeding regulations of organizations that have approved the standard. The permissible range of variability inherent in the breed characteristics should fit into the framework of the standard [7] . When developing standards, the main attention is paid to the creation, preservation and strengthening of the breed.
Non-Productive Animal Standards
Standards for breeds of non-productive animals are developed by breed clubs of the countries of origin of the breed and approved by national federations and associations. The standard is prepared on the basis of the history of the breed, work experience and observation, and taking into account the goals of the members of the developer organization. The breed may be recognized in a number of national organizations, but remain unrecognized in others. Also, standards approved in some organizations may contain requirements that differ from the requirements of standards approved in other organizations. So, for example, the American Kennel Club standard indicates the terrier-like nature of the Chihuahua breed and lists a number of disqualifying characteristics, but these criteria are not described in the standard of the same breed registered in the International Kennel Federation [8] .
As historical changes in the breed occur, adjustments can be made to the standard [9] .
Productive breed standards
The breed standard for productive animals, as a rule, is developed by special services based on the results of animal scoring. The first class of appraisals generalizes the average breeding and productive qualities of most animals of pedigree farms and is the breed standard [3] . Pure-bred animals of the first and elite class are listed in pedigree books , which are published by livestock breeders' societies, and in some countries by state bodies. In Russia, a number of breeds of pigs, horses [10] and cattle [11] that meet the standard are entered in the State Book of Breeding Animals (GKPZh) and the state breeding register.
The State Book of Breeding Animals - a set of data on the most valuable breeding animals in a particular breed or on breeding herds obtained as a result of purebred breeding of breeding animals [12] .
The standard is periodically reviewed and changed, which ensures the progress of the breed [13] .
First Breed Standards
Breed standards began to be formed at the same time as the start of pedigree books and registers. The first pedigree books were published in 1793 in England and contained a register of purebred riding horses. Later, in 1822, a pedigree book for the Shorthorn cattle was published [13] . One of the pioneers in breeding and in the formation of breed standards was Robert Buckwell .
Notes
- ↑ Livestock Boniter . Work in Russia . Federal Service for Labor and Employment of Russia. Date of treatment July 22, 2019.
- ↑ Grebtsova V. G., Tarshis M. G., Fomenko G. I. Breed standard // Encyclopedia “Animals in the house”. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 1994. - 304 p. - ISBN 5-85270-118-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 Dunin I.M. et al. Terms in genetics and breeding of farm animals. - The Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation. - VNIIplem, 1996 .-- 306 p. - ISBN 5-87958-038-5 .
- ↑ Standards of breeds of ducks . VOLP - All-Russian Society of Poultry Fans . Date of treatment July 22, 2019.
- ↑ Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR. Instructions for the appraisal of cattle of dairy and dairy-meat breeds . Agro Vestnik (07/10/1974). Date of treatment July 22, 2019.
- ↑ Anisina O.S. Exterior features of bees of the Central Russian breed . The world of beekeeping (03/28/2014). Date of treatment July 22, 2019.
- ↑ Ivanishcheva V.P. Level of pedigree: understanding of the type and evaluation of a dog through the prism of the FCI standard . Russian Cynological Federation (RKF) (03/26/2012). Date of treatment July 22, 2019.
- ↑ Vladimir Krukovover. Dogs. The most complete encyclopedia . - Litres, 2017 .-- S. 12 .-- 464 p. - ISBN 5457661520 , 9785457661523.
- ↑ Mikhail Dubrov. English Bulldog . - Litres, 2017 .-- 387 p. - ISBN 5457024644 , 9785457024649.
- ↑ Regulation on the State book of breeding animals. Horses. . All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding . Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation (1998). Date of treatment July 22, 2019.
- ↑ State Book of Breeding Animals . Federal State Budgetary Institution "All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Tribal Affairs" . Date of treatment July 22, 2019.
- ↑ Federal Law of August 3, 1995 N 123-ФЗ “On pedigree livestock breeding” . GUARANTEE system . Date of treatment July 22, 2019.
- ↑ 1 2 Lushchenko A.E., Chernogortseva T.G., Bodrova S.V., Babkova N.M.,. Breeding of farm animals . FSEI HPE Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University (2009). Date of treatment July 22, 2019.