Football

• See en: Names for association football for more details.

FIFA and the International Olympic Committee use "football" as the official international name for the game.

The full English name of the game, “association football” , was chosen after the creation of the English Football Association in 1863 to distinguish this game from other varieties of football that existed at that time, such as rugby football ( “rugby” football ” ,“ football according to the rules of the Rugby School ”), where hand-playing was allowed. Over time, the long names of game options began to shrink in everyday speech and print. First, the abbreviation “assoc.” Was widespread in England, then in the 1880s the term “soker” was formed from it by adding the to the abbreviation ( by analogy, rugby football was abbreviated as “ragger” ( English rugger )) ^[4] . In periodicals, the term "soker" has been used since at least 1892 ^[5] .

Nowadays, the name "sokker" is common in a number of English-speaking countries where other varieties of football have historically continued to be popular. For example, Australia and New Zealand have historically called Australian football or rugby league football . In Ireland, the term "football" refers to Gaelic football , so "sokker" is used in the press ^{[6] [7]} . In South Africa, the game is mostly known as “Sokker”, which is expressed in the name of the South African championship , “Premier Sokker League”, and the stadium “ Sokker City ”, which hosted the 2010 World Cup finals. In the USA and Canada , the term "soker" is used, since football is called American football and Canadian football . In England, the name "sokker" is outdated and new generations of fans now consider it dismissive.

In other languages, the name of the game is:

• or by borrowing the English word football , as in Russian - “football”, in Portuguese - futebol ;
• or tracing the word football , such as in German - Fußball , Greek - ποδόσφαιρο , Finnish - jalkapallo , Hebrew - כדורגל , Karelian - jalgamiäččy and Adyghe - leepeeu ;
• or derivatives of the words “kick”, “leg”, etc., as in Italian - calcio , Croatian - nogomet, Polish - piłka nożna (foot ball) .

Early varieties of football

Ball games have been played in many countries ^[8] . In China, such a variety was called Zhu-Ke ^[9] . In ancient Sparta, the game was called "Episciros" ^[9] , and in ancient Rome, "Harpastum" ^[10] . Somewhere in the New Age, games were held in the Bryansk lands, the inventory of which was a leather ball the size of a human head, stuffed with feathers. These competitions were named as "huck" and "keel" ^[11] . Around the 14th century, Italians invented the game "Calcho" ^[12] . They brought this game to the British Isles ^[13] .

First rules

In the 19th century, football in England gained popularity comparable to cricket ^[14] . It was played mainly in colleges ^[15] . But in some colleges, the rules allowed the dribbling and passing the ball by hand, while in others, on the contrary, it was forbidden ^[16] . The first attempt to create uniform rules was made in 1846, when representatives of several colleges met. They established the first set of rules ^[17] . In 1857, the first specialized football club, Sheffield , was founded ^[18] . In 1863, after long negotiations, a set of rules was adopted by the Football Association of England. The sizes of the field and the gate were also adopted ^[19] . And in 1871 the FA Cup was founded - the oldest football tournament in the world ^[20] . In 1891, the penalty rule was adopted. But at first the penalty kick was not from the point, but from the line, which, as now, was at a distance of 11 meters from the goal ^[21] .

Legalization of professionalism and distribution on the planet

In the 1880s, football became popular in society. The number of clubs in the Football Association exceeded 100. At the same time, rumors began to circulate that some clubs pay players wages, and according to the initial intention of the association, football is an exclusively amateur sport ^[22] . Therefore, in 1882, the following paragraph was added to the rules:

Any club player who receives any form of reward from the club or monetary compensation in excess of his personal expenses or funds in connection with entering a game is automatically suspended in the Cup competition, in any competition under the auspices of the FA and in international tournaments. The club that hired such a player is automatically expelled from the Association.

- ^[22]

At the beginning of 1884, Upton Park club accused Preston North End of paying salaries to the players of this club. Preston President William Saddel also acknowledged this. ^[23] The club was expelled from the FA. And in 1885, the Football Association still allowed the players to pay salaries ^[23] . This led to the creation of the world's first regular Football League ^[24] . The champion of this tournament was Preston North End ^[25] . On November 30, 1872, the first ever international match was held. He went between the teams of England and Scotland ^[26] . In 1904, FIFA, the governing organization in football, was founded in Paris . It included: Belgium , Denmark , France , the Netherlands , Spain (as FC Madrid), Sweden and Switzerland ^[27] .

In 1901, in Montevideo , the first ever match took place with the participation of teams that did not represent the British Isles - the hosts, the Uruguayan national team in a bitter struggle lost to Argentina with a score of 2: 3 ^[28] .

The beginning of international competitions

After Jules Rome was elected president of FIFA in 1921, the proposal to consider subsequent Olympic football tournaments as "amateur soccer world championships" was ratified. These tournaments - 1924 and 1928 - were won by the Uruguayan national team ^[29] . Thanks to these successes, the Uruguayan Football Association had no rivals in the struggle to organize the first ever FIFA World Cup (better known in Russian simply as the World Cup ), which took place in 1930. Uruguayans won the home championship, three-time world football champions and the first owners of the FIFA World Cup. This marked the beginning of a new era in the history of football ^[30] . Until 1970, this trophy was named after Jules Rimet, was also known as the “Cup of the Goddess Nike,” but after the third victory of the Brazilian national team at the World Cup, it was given to her for eternal storage. Instead, the modern World Cup began to be played.

Ball

The soccer ball must be spherical in shape, used for playing soccer , the parameters of which are governed by Rule 2 of the Rules of the game of soccer .

The ball consists of 3 parts: tires, lining and camera:

• Tire - the upper shell of the ball, which strikes.
• Lining - the middle shell of the ball, the strength of the ball depends on the thickness of the ball (the thicker, the stronger).
• The camera is the central shell of the ball into which air is pumped for more convenient striking.

Field

Matches can be held both in fields with natural and in fields with artificial turf. According to the official rules of the game of football, artificial turf must be green. The field for the game has the shape of a rectangle . The side line must be longer than the goal line. It was decided that the field should be 100–110 m (110–120 yards) long and at least 64–75 m (70–80 yards) wide ^{[31] [32]} , but then the requirement was suspended ^[33] .

Goal

The goal used when playing football consists of two vertical posts (poles) that are equally spaced from the corner flagpoles (that is, the goal must be centered on the goal line ) connected at the top by a horizontal bar.

Markup

Marking the field is done with lines no wider than 12 cm (5 inches) wide; these lines are included in the areas that they limit. All lines should be the same width.

Name of the field lines: Two long lines that limit the field for the game are called side lines ; two short lines - front lines or goal lines , since the gates are located on them ^[34] .

Midline: The field is divided into two halves using a midline connecting the midpoints of the sidelines. In the middle of the middle line, the center of the field is marked - a solid circle with a diameter of 0.3 m (1 ft). Around the center of the field is a circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yards). From the mark of the center of the field at the beginning of each of the halves of the main and additional time, as well as after each goal scored , an initial hit is performed. When performing the initial strike, all players must be in their own half of the field, and the opponents of the team performing the strike should be outside the central circle.

Penalty area: a penalty area is marked on each half of the field - an area in which the goalkeeper can play with his hands, and an 11-meter kick will be awarded to the gate of the team that committed a penalty in their own penalty area, punishable by a free -kick . The penalty area is 40.32 m (44 yards) by 16.5 m (18 yards). Within the penalty area, in the center of the goal line and at a distance of 11 m (12 yards) from it, a penalty mark is applied - a solid circle with a diameter of 0.3 m (1 foot). Outside the penalty area, an arc of a circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yards) is drawn, the center of which is at the eleven meter mark; this arc is used to position team players when breaking through a penalty kick. ^[35]

Goal area: the goal area is marked on each half of the field - the area from which the goal is kicked ; dimensions of the goal area - 18.32 m (20 yards) by 5.5 m (6 yards).

Corner sectors: in each of the four corners of the field, an arc with a radius of 1 m (or 1 yard) is drawn with a center in the corner of the field, limiting the sector for the execution of corner kicks . Also, flags must be placed at each corner of the field on flagpoles that do not have points on top.

The form

According to the Rules, the mandatory elements of equipment are: a shirt (or T-shirt) with sleeves, underpants, leggings, shields and boots.

The football team consists of 11 people (see. Number of players (football) ) and consists of:

• Goalkeeper (football)
• Defender (football)
• Midfielder (Soccer)
• Forward (football)

• Captain (football)
• Starting lineup (football)
• Reserve player
• Football coach (see coach )

There are 17 official rules of the game, each of which contains a list of reservations and guidelines. These rules are intended to apply at all levels of football, although there are some changes for groups such as juniors, adults, women and people with disabilities. Laws were often formulated in general terms, which make it possible to simplify their application depending on the nature of the game. The rules of the game are published in FIFA , but are supported by the International Council of Football Associations (IFAB) ^[36] .

Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of which must be a goalkeeper . Unofficial competition rules can reduce the number of players to a maximum of 7. Goalkeepers are the only players who are allowed to play with their hands on the condition that they do so within the penalty area at their own goal. Although there are various positions on the field, these positions are optional ^[37] .

A separate football game is called a match, which in turn consists of two halves of 45 minutes. The pause between the first and second halves is 15 minutes, during which the teams rest, and at the end they change the goal ^[38] .

The goal of the game is to score the ball into the opponent’s goal , do it as many times as possible and try to prevent the goal into your own goal. The match is won by the team that scored the most goals.

If during two halves the teams scored the same number of goals ( draw ), then either a draw is fixed or the winner is determined in accordance with the established rules of the match. In this case, additional time can be assigned - two more halves of 15 minutes each. As a rule, teams are given a break between the main and extra time of the match. Between extra halves, teams are only given time to switch sides. At one time in football there was a rule according to which the winner was the team that scored the first goal (the “ golden goal ” rule) or won at the end of any of the additional halves (the “ silver goal ” rule). At the moment, extra time is either not played at all, or is played in full (2 halves of 15 minutes). If during the extra time the winner cannot be identified, a series of penalty shootouts that are not part of the match is carried out: five shots by different players break through the opponent’s goal from a distance of 11 meters. If the number of penalties scored by both teams is equal, then one pair of penalties will break through until the winner is revealed ^[39] .

Standard provisions

In football, there are standard provisions. The standard provisions in football are penalties, free kicks, corners and other kicks that are inflicted upon a signal from a referee .

Standard provisions are:

• Initial strike . It is applied at the beginning of each half, as well as after each goal scored. Appointed from the center point of the field (in the center circle).
• The throw-in of the ball (out). Throws hands due to the sideline. Appointed after the ball crossed this same lateral line. At the same time, the opponent who the ball touched the last before leaving the sideline throws an out ^[40] .
• Goal kick . It is applied by the goalkeeper after the ball has completely crossed the goal line (outside the goal area) from the player of the attacking team ^[41] .
• Corner kick . Applied by the player of the attacking team from the corner sector. Appointed if the ball completely crosses the goal line (outside the goal area) from the player of the defending team ^[42] .
• Free kick . Appointed in the event of a dangerous game against an opponent (failed violation) at the gate of the team that made the dangerous game. It breaks from the point where the moment of the dangerous game occurred. A goal scored by a direct free kick does not count ^[43] .
• Free kick . Appointed in case of violation of the rules at the gate of the team that violated the rules. It can be appointed only outside the penalty area of ​​the offending team (in case a foul occurred within the penalty area, a penalty is awarded). Penalty as well as a free kick breaks from the point of violation. A goal scored by a direct hit from the free kick counts ^[43] .
• Penalties It is applied from a special mark located 11 meters from the gate. Appointed if the player violates the rules in his own penalty ^[44] .
• Controversial ball . Done by a referee throwing the ball between two opposing players. Appointed if the game was stopped in a situation unrelated to the rules. Reminds hockey face-off.

Violation of the rules

Fouls (violation)

The most common violations are:

• Kicking or attempting an opponent;
• A step or an attempt to make it an opponent;
• Jump on an opponent;
• Attack of the opponent;
• The push of an opponent with his hands;
• A blow or attempt thereof against an opponent.

Unruly behavior

Unruly behavior in football can be represented by such phenomena:

• Fights ;
• Spitting ;
• Profanity and gestures.

The judges keep order on the football field. Their job is to determine a violation of the rules.

Before the match, the referees must check the goal net and the layout of the football field and conduct an analysis of weather conditions ^[45] . After the game, the referees write a protocol explaining all their decisions ^[45] . During the game, the referee must determine, for example, how much time will be added to the main goal or if the ball crossed the goal line or not ^[45] . If a player, at the discretion of the referee, has violated the rule, he must appoint a penalty ^[45] . The referee may issue a warning to the player or stop the match for any reason ^[45] . On average, a referee runs 10 kilometers per match ^[46] .

Assistant Judges

In addition to the chief referee in football, there are also assistant referees (side referees) ^[45] . They help to determine the “offside” position ^[45] , as well as the ball going beyond the side and front lines of the field. They can also tell the head judge in a situation where he did not see a violation of the rules or a goal ^[45] . In 2012, UEFA increased the number of assistant referees, adding arbitrators behind each goal ^[47] .

Use of technical means

Due to the high complexity and responsibility of decision-making by judges and, as a result, frequent mistakes, the question of allowing them to use technical means has repeatedly been raised - as, for example, has long been done in hockey and basketball . To alleviate the burden in the most critical cases - when playing in the penalty area and scoring - UEFA introduced in 2012 additional referees behind the goal, and since 2013 - the automatic goal detection system has been applied.

To play football you need speed , strength and skill ^[48] . In England's first match against Scotland , both teams played over-attack football. Scotland played according to the 2-2-6 system, while England played 1-1-8, but not a single team managed to score ^[49] . After that, similar schemes existed, but after amendments to the offside rule the number of attackers was reduced to three or two ^[49] . At the 1958 World Cup victory for themselves, the Brazilian national team played according to the 4-2-4 pattern with two extreme strikers, who supplied the ball to two forward-forward teams. On the 1966 World Cup, the England team played according to the 4-4-2 scheme, in which there are no extreme attackers, but there are extreme midfielders who connect to attacks or withdraw in defense ^[49] .

Many clubs in the world have schemes with the position of “Libero” or “Cleaner”. It is located behind the central defenders and corrects their oversights. This scheme was first tested by Elinio Herrera during his work at the Internationale ^[49] .

During the work of Rinus Michels in Ajax , the concept of “ total football ” appeared. This means that players can change positions on the field depending on the circumstances. Due to this, Ajax and the Dutch team, which Rinus subsequently coached, achieved great success ^[49] .

A football club is the base cell of the entire football structure. He is the link between football players, staff and organizations. In fact, this is a team of football players, part of one of the organizations, which has a certain infrastructure and staff.

Football competitions, as in any other sport, are an important component of the game. The competition is organized by the federation, rules are drawn up for each tournament, which usually determine the composition of the participants, the tournament scheme, the rules for determining the winner in case of equality of points and some deviations from the rules, for example, the number of substitutions. Competitions are divided into domestic and international, which in turn are divided into club and national teams. Football tournaments gather tens of thousands of spectators in the stands of the stadium and multimillion-dollar audiences on television.

The most famous competitions are:

Held by FIFA :

• National teams
  • World Championship
  • Confederations Cup
  • Olympic Games
• Club
  • FIFA Club World Cup

Held by UEFA :

• National teams
  • Europe championship
• Club
  • UEFA Champions League
  • UEFA Europa League
  • UEFA Super Cup

Conducted CONMEBOL :

• National teams
  • America's Cup
• Club
  • Copa Libertadores
  • South American Cup
  • South America

Conducted by CONCACAF :

• National teams
  • CONCACAF Gold Cup
• Club
  • CONCACAF Champions League

According to FIFA , in 2001 about 250 million people played football on the planet. Of these, more than 20 million are women. About 1.5 million teams and 300,000 professional clubs are registered.

According to FIFA President J. Blatter , the total number of players in the world in May 2004 was 250 million, which corresponds to 4.1% of the world's population. ^[50]

In the distribution by country, in first place in the number of US football players (approximately 18 million, of which 40% are women), followed by Indonesia (10 million), Mexico (7.4 million), China (7.2 million), Brazil (7 million), Germany (6.2 million), Bangladesh (5.2 million), Italy (4 million), Russia (3.8 million). However, the number of football players in a given country does not at all indicate the quality of football in different parts of the world. So, the World Cups were won exclusively by European and South American teams, and in Uruguay , which is the two-time winner of the FIFA World Cup, fewer people live than football players are registered in Russia.

In July 2017, the International Football Federation (FIFA) announced plans by 2026 to captivate football with 60% of the world's population. FIFA intends to invest $ 4 billion in the development of football ^[51] .

International competitions

The most prestigious competition is the World Cup , held every 4 years, each time in a different country (usually on a different continent). The first draw was held in 1930 in Uruguay . About 200 national teams participate in the qualification for the World Cup.

The organization

There are a number of organizations that monitor, manage and distribute football ^[52] . The main one is FIFA , located in Zurich , Switzerland . She organizes international competitions of world scale, in particular the World Cup ^[53] . At the continental level, the football population is provided by 6 organizations: CONCACAF , CONMEBOL , UEFA , KAF , AFC , OFK ^[54] . FIFA is trying to spread football outside of Europe and South America. In 2002, the World Cup was held in Japan and South Korea, and in 2010 - in South Africa ^[52] . Most developed football in Europe. The 20 richest clubs are located there. Of the 700 players participating in the 2006 World Cup, 102 played in England, 74 in Germany, 60 in Italy, 58 in France ^[55] . Mostly players go to Europe because of high salaries and participation in the strongest leagues in the world ^[55] .

Some players make themselves felt in childhood when they play in amateur teams or in regional competitions. Famous clubs send scouts to small towns who attend training sessions and look for promising players. There are also football schools at the clubs. One of the most famous schools is the Ajax school ^[56] .

For many athletes, this hope remains a dream - many are inferior in talent to other players, while others are not taken due to lack of physical fitness ^[56] . For example, Michel Platini was denied admission to the French club “Metz” because of poor heart work, and Sean Wright-Phillips was not allowed to play “Nottingham” because of his short stature ^[57] .

Youth competitions

While players are not players of the main team. They have the opportunity to participate in competitions for schoolchildren and youths ^[56] . The most prestigious competition is the World Cup . It is held under the auspices of FIFA ^[56] . For example, in 1991, the Portuguese team won the competition, led by players such as Luis Figo and Rui Costa , and ten years later, Javier Saviola helped Argentina win the championship and became the top scorer of the tournament, ahead of no less famous players Djibril Cisse and Adriano ^[56] .

Rent

Many football players due to fierce competition cannot get into the main team ^[58] . To get playing practice, they can be rented to another club, usually lower in status ^[58] . Lease terms can be from several months to 2 years ^[58] . Manchester United leased David Beckham to Preston for 6 weeks, and Tottenham leased Mido for 18 months ^[58] . Spanish striker Fernando Morientes scored 24 goals for the national team, but was leased by Real Madrid to Monaco and helped the club reach the Champions League final ^[58] .

Training and injuries

During the week, the footballer attends team training and participates in matches ^[58] . Training consists in power and physical exertion, as well as in work with the ball ^[58] . Football players also follow a diet ^[58] .

Injuries in football often occur ^[58] . In the seasons 1997/1998 and 1998/1999, the Football Federation of England recorded more than 6,000 injuries ^[59] . Injured players are involved in physiotherapists and surgeons ^[59] . It takes months to recover from injuries ^[59] .

A responsibility

Leading football players are treated the same way as celebrities of music and cinema ^[59] . Some use their money for charity, sponsoring the construction of schools and hospitals, and also open their own academies for young football players ^[59] . Players often give interviews and star in commercials ^[59] . It is very difficult for young players to limit themselves from constant communication with the press, as some media outlets besiege their families or follow on their heels ^[59] . If a footballer made a mistake, whether it is speeding or taking part in a revel, he is treated unfriendly in large media companies ^[59] .

There are many varieties of football, mainly with fewer players, including futsal (AMF) and futsal (FIFA) - futsal (played in the hall on a special surface), show ball (played in an adapted hockey box with artificial turf), yard football (played on any surface in fields of any size by any number of people), beach soccer (played on sand), river soccer (knee-deep in water, the annual English tournament in Burton ), swamp soccer (played on swamp), football freestyle (consists in knowledge of all kinds of feints and tricks), rashball (played on the field, divided into zones of the goalkeeper, free kick, attack, defense and neutral), foot-ball (played with two balls).

There are also virtual and table football as sports games and soccer on paper as a logical game.

Since the popularity of football is very high, there are many games that simulate football.

The National Museum of Football operates in Manchester , which shows fifteen-minute films about the outstanding matches of the past, in the halls of the museum there are wax figures of famous players ^[60] , various exhibits from the history of football.

• Football fans (see fan )
  • German soccer fans
  • British football fans
• Football Hooligans

• Football transfers
• Football coach
• Football awards
• Football culture
• Football in European painting
• Football in Soviet art
• Football lexicon
• List of tragedies in the football stadiums of the world
• Women's football

• Malov, V.I. I know the world: Football. - Astrel Publishing House, 2002. - S. 10, 14, 17, 27, 34, 36, 38, 39, 41-46, 53, 49, 60, 61, 62, 64, 87. - ISBN 5-271 -04556-0 .
• Football // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 ext.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Val A. History of football // M .: Publishing house of AST. - 2005.
• C. Gifford. Encyclopedia of football. - AST, 2007. - ISBN 978-5-17-044765-7 .

• FIFA, Federation of International Football Associations
• UEFA, Union of European Football Associations
• CONMEBOL Confederation of South American Football (Spanish )