Anatomical mannequin

Probably about the most ancient dolls you can talk in the culture of China. According to ethical standards, the doctor should not have touched the woman’s body during the examination; for this reason, the doctor usually had a small doll with him. Discussing the nature and place of pain with a doll, the doctor made a diagnosis. Also known are dolls demonstrating internal organs, for example, the location of the fetus in the body of a pregnant woman. Most often, bone or lacquered wood was used to make such dolls.

In Europe, the development of anatomical dolls is closely connected with the development of medical schools in the 18th-18th centuries, with the development of museum institutions and anatomical theaters . For lectures and practical exercises, collapsible human figures were used in full growth - they were often called Atomic Venus. Most often used wax, gypsum, wood, glass.

“The team began by selecting illustrations from well-known medical atlases by authors such as Vesalius, Albinus or Mascagni. Then, corpses and body parts were brought from the nearest hospital of Santa Maria Nuova so that every organ and every detail was made with maximum accuracy. The purpose of these wax figures was to replace further autopsies of human bodies that were dirty, smelling bad and unethical ” [1]

The works of the artist’s workshop Clemente Susini ( Clemente_Susini ), who for many years headed the wax workshop in La Speccola, are widely known.

Technologies and types of anatomical dolls develop spontaneously and is often difficult to identify them as a separate category in its pure form, separated from the portrait dolls, erotic toys, works of art associated to the mummification. But simulator dolls stand out clearly.

In 1758, the French Academy of Surgery registered the created Angelique Du Coudreau. simulator dummy, which was named "Machine". The simulator repeated the anatomy of the female reproductive system with the baby. The author paid much attention to the physical features of the body - the purpose of the invention was to prepare midwives for work, to develop professional skills. At the same time, not knowing about the development of French colleagues, a similar simulator is created by the Englishman William Smelli.

With anatomical dummies that are closely connected to the tradition of death masks, which are often made of plaster or wax and exposed in the same windows as the anatomical benefits. A very romantic story associated with the risen Anna mannequin . In the 1880s, the body of a young girl who was caught from the Seine was delivered to a Parisian morgue on the island of Cité. It was not possible to establish the causes of death and the name of the drowned woman. The pathologist decided to take off the death mask and very quickly this plaster cast became fashionable. She is called the Stranger from the Seine . In 1958, the Norwegian puppeteer Osmund S. Lördal developed a dummy for training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques. Assuming that the medical students would refuse to hold your breath "mouth-to-mouth" for male mannequins Lordal decided to make the simulator a "woman." He copied his face from the mask “Strangers from the Seine”. The model was called Anna and she became "The Most Kissed Girl in the World." Other dummies later appeared. For example, removal of foreign bodies from the airway and spend on "Charlie choked," and Ukrainian mannequin to practice first aid called the "Taras".

The anatomical manikin also includes mannequins for artists.

In the twentieth century, anatomical dolls receive an unexpected continuation in children's toys (as educational material for teaching a child), mannequins for testing (for example, testing machines that provide material for a security system) and in prosthetics.