Electronic passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation

In Russia, the introduction of electronic passports was officially started in the late 2000s. As part of the review of the electronic passport and biometric passport , a universal electronic card was introduced in 2013 (originally planned to be introduced in 2010) and a biometric passport in 2006 ^{[12] [13] [14]} . Draft electronic passports (identity cards) were considered in other countries, in particular in Germany ^[15] .

Since 2010, an electronic passport of a draftee has been developed in Russia, in which all military registration documents ^{[16] [17]} , which was finally introduced in 2016 ^{[18], were} combined. The draftee’s electronic passport is issued from the moment of birth.

In 2013, the Federal Migration Service drafted a bill introducing an electronic passport of citizens in Russia ^{[19] [20]} . The introduction of an electronic passport was then planned to begin in 2016 ^[1] .

Since 2015, the test use of electronic passports has been carried out ^{[21] [22]} . Then it was also supposed to combine a plastic electronic passport with a payment card ^{[23] [24]} .

In 2017, the State Duma also considered a bill on linking a passport to a SIM card ^[25] .

In 2018, it was already planned to introduce electronic passports from 2024 ^{[26] [27]} , for which the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia and the ANO “ Digital Economy ” began developing bills on an electronic passport and on the identification of citizens ^[28] . The bill on the identification of citizens and the creation of a digital profile of citizens was adopted for consideration by the State Duma in July 2019 ^{[10] [29] [30]} .

In 2019, it was decided to introduce the citizen’s electronic passport earlier, so it is planned for issuance from July 2020 in Moscow, and later in other regions of Russia ^[31] . It is assumed that ordinary paper passports of a Russian citizen will cease to be issued in 2022. Moreover, already issued passports will remain valid either until the expiration of their validity period, or until the end of the life of its owner, if it was issued upon reaching 45 years of age ^[32] . The paper passports will be completely replaced with electronic ones by 2023, and the electronic passport will be presented in the form of both a plastic card and a program installed on smartphones ^{[33] [10]} . Also, an electronic passport in the form of a plastic card will contain a photo (possibly a hologram ) of the owner and a QR code , the sample was published on July 17, 2019 by Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation Maxim Akimov ^{[5] [34]} .

Also, as part of the transition to the digital (electronic) economy, it is planned to transfer to electronic form other documents, in particular the vehicle passport (TCP) ^[35] .

In the first half of 2019, Russia already transferred to electronic SNILS with the termination of the issuance of the paper version ^[36] , and the passport, pension and insurance certificates are also linked to a single identification number in the electronic database ^[37] .

The introduction of an electronic passport implies the creation of a single electronic database of documents, including those with cloud storage and access ^{[38] [10]} , as well as the solution of security problems ^{[39] [40] [41]} , including cryptographic protection of SIM cards , in the case of using software on mobile devices ^[42] . The issues of crypto protection and the issuance of protected national SIM cards were raised earlier ^{[43] [44]} . To ensure online access to personal information, in particular using an electronic passport in the form of a mobile application, the state information system Mir has been developed since 2018 ^[45] .

• Electronic state
• Digital economy
• Electronic signature
• ID cards
• Electronic diary and journal
• Portal of public services of the Russian Federation
• Unified Identification and Authentication System