Or-Bey, Or-Bek - position and title in the Crimean Khanate , the fourth largest position in the state. The head of Or-Kapu (Perekop fortress) from the Crimean Khanate (the main garrison of the fortress was the Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire ). As a rule, he was appointed by the khan from the representatives of the junior branches of the clan Geraev (that is, he belonged to Chingizids ).
Orbay was an obligatory member of Kuchuk-Divan (Small State Council) of the Crimean Khanate, who made the decision to start a war [1] .
History
Orbay protected the border lands of the northern Black Sea coast and controlled the situation in the Nogai hordes outside the Crimea. He lived in Perekop , with the income from the salt trade and the duties collected in which the elite Tatar cavalry "besh evli" contained itself (that is, the warrior who has income from five houses, probably heavy cavalry) [2] nearby areas representing light cavalry. The subordination of the Ottoman Janissaries , the main garrison of Or-Kap and artillery, probably, had to be authorized by the Ottoman plow from Kef in a military threat if he did not come to the army [3] .
The traveler Evliya elebi , who visited Perekop fortress and the rampart in 1666, left such descriptions of fortifications, the garrison and orbay itself [2] :
This high fortress was built in ... the year of Sahib Gerai-khan from the Genghisides family. This is a two-layer battle stronghold with stonework-like stonework. Its height from the ground is a full 23 arshin. And along the circumference, its length is 3 thousand steps, there are 800 teeth. This is a powerful double-layered stronghold. In terms of its pentagonal, there are 20 square high towers. From whatever side of the Kheikhat steppe, the towers of this fort Or can be seen from a distance of five crossings. All towers are covered with ruby red tiles. There are low towers covered with boards. Inside the fortress - only 80 Tatar houses. They are all covered with turf. There is a chief of the fortress and 500 guards-sekbanov with guns. But they are all Greek horsemen [4] . Because the Tatar people do not know how to shoot from guns. Guns they are afraid. If there are guns anywhere, they say: “Myltyk cop” and they don’t go there. Tatar people call the gun myltyk. In this fortress there are also 500 soldiers from Tatar or il called besh evli [5] . All of them are skilled, rushing into battle, brave, fearless and skillful batyrs and dzhigits. The city has the head of the fortress, 15 serfs, the head of the gunners and the head of the gunsmiths. Fort Or is located in the steppe and does not dominate the terrain. It is surrounded by a deep ditch of 15 kuladzas cut into the ground. Strong and powerful iron gates in three layers go to the side of the boat. From two sides in the direction of the ditch look amazing guns. Inside the fortress there is the Sahib Gerai Khan mosque, wheat barns, an armory and water wells. And nothing else.
Known by Or Bey sources
- Mehmed Gerai, son of Khan Fetikh Gerai [6]
- Shahbaz Gerai [6] .
Notes
- ↑ Panashenko, 2010 .
- ↑ 1 2 Evliya Celebi, 2008 .
- ↑ Nedelkin, 2016 , p. 20.
- ↑ This refers to the origin of the garrison’s janissaries.
- "Besh Evli" (Tatar.) - "possessing five houses." Rod Tatar troops, probably heavy cavalry.
- ↑ 1 2 Gaivoronsky, 2007 .
Literature
- Panashenko V.V. Orbay // Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine: in 10 tons. / Rev.: V.A. Smely (Chairman) and others. T. 7: Ml - A. - S .. - Institute of History of Ukraine NAS Of Ukraine. - K .: Naukova Dumka, 2010. - 606 p. - ISBN 978-966-00-1061-1 .
- Gaivoronsky O. Lords of the two continents. In 2 volumes. - Kiev-Bakhchisarai: Oranta; Mayster Books, 2007. - ISBN 978-966-96917-1-2 .
- Nedelkin E.V. Ottoman province Kef in the late XV - first half of the XVI centuries. (Rus.) // IV Bakhchsarai scientific readings in memory of E. V. Weimarn (Bakhchisarai, September 8—9, 2016). Abstracts of reports and messages / Ed. - Comp. D. A. Moiseev, O. M. Stoikova. - Bakhchisarai, 2016. - September 8-9. - p . 19-20 .
- Evliya Celebi. Travel book Crimea and adjacent areas. (Extracts from the writings of the 17th century Turkish traveler). / Enter. article, translation from the Ottoman language, comments by E. V. Bakhrevsky. - Historical and archaeological fund "Heritage of Millennia" Ed. 2nd, corrected. and additional .. - Simferopol: Publishing House "Share", 2008. - 272 p. - 2000 copies - ISBN 978-966-366-159-9 .
- Pilipchuk Ya. V. The Crimean Khanate through the eyes of Western European historians, geographers and travelers (Rus.) // Scientific Tatarstan. - Kazan, 2017. - № 4 . - p . 5-40 .
- Perekop, city // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Kondaraki V. Kh. Universal description of Crimea, p. 8-13 .. - SPb, 1875.