Coins of Crimea - coins minted on the territory of the Crimean peninsula .
Coins of the Bosporus Kingdom
In the VI century. BC e. rulers of Panticapaeum began to mint their own coins. In the V century BC e. banknotes of ancient Theodosius appeared . Later, the whole region was consolidated under the rule of the Bosporus kingdom , which represented a complex Hellenic-barbarian conglomerate. The design of the coins of ancient cities in the Northern Black Sea region was original, including religious symbols, and corresponded to the cultural traditions and political claims of each specific policy [1] .
Chersonesus Coins
Coins of Tauric Chersonesos were minted for 15 centuries. Khersones was founded in 424-421 BC. e. as a Greek colony natives of Asia Minor Heraclea of Pontus [2] . The first of the attributed coins of Chersonesos dates back to 400-390 years BC. e., the latter - by 1067-1071 years BC. e., the reign of Byzantium Emperor Roman IV [3] . The coins of Kercenitida are also referred to the coins of Khersones , since for most of the period of minting their coins, it was part of the Khersones choir (state).
During the excavations of 1904, a large basement with blanks for minting coins dating from the 4th-3rd centuries BC was discovered. e. and conditionally called the Mint of Chersonesos .
Autonomous Policy Period
Known in the years 400-390 BC. e. silver hemiobols, envelopes, diobols, tetraobols, rare decobol, copper mites of various samples. Images are usually the head of the Virgin Goddess , originally the goddess of the Taurus pantheon, later associated with Artemis (Iphigenia). On the second side is the inscription HEP, the image of a fish and a club [4] .
In the years 390-370 BC. e. copper dikhalki were minted. Image - Virgo on the throne with a doe. On the second side is the inscription HEP, the bull on the club [5] .
Dihalk Virgo (Artemis) with a doe, bull on a club
In the second quarter of the IV century BC. e. copper dikhalki were minted. Image - the head of a bull, options for the head of the Virgin, crater, dolphin. On the second side is the inscription HEP, fish and club, options for a wreath [6] .
Series 370-364 BC e. - silver hemidrachms, drachmas and didrachms. Image is a three-quarter virgin head. On the second side is the inscription HEP, a bull on a club, a fish [7] .
Bosporus Period
Roman Protectorate Period
Byzantine Empire Period
Chersonesos is one of the few cities in the Black Sea region where minting did not stop after the barbarian invasions of the Great Migration Period . In the Byzantine period, which lasted 8 centuries from the beginning of the V century to the beginning of the XIII, in Khersones mainly small changeable coins were minted from nummium to the follis , and emission was far from every emperor [8] . The quality of coinage or casting is gradually degrading. At the same time, the quality of minting and elaboration of casting forms, the degree of detail of coins of Chersonesos is much worse than that of similar coins issued at the same time in the metropolis .
| Name | Portrait | Years of rule | Coin, metal | Description | Picture | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theodosius II lat Flavius theodosius junior Greek Θεοδόσιος Β ' | 402 - May 1, 408 , co-ruler of his father - Arkady , May 1, 408 - July 28, 450 , from 414 to 421 regent was a sister - Pulcheria | Copper | The bust of Theodosius, the inscription, two figures with a cross, the inscription, the bust of Theodosius, the inscription, the inscription in a circle | [9] . | ||
| Leo I Mackella lat Flavius valerius leo Greek Λέων A ′ | February 7, 457 - 473 single-handedly 473 - January 18, 474 made co-ruler of the grandson of Leo II | Copper | Bust of a lion, inscriptions, the emperor steps on a captive with a spear | [10] . | ||
| Justinian I lat Flavius petrus sabbatius justinianus Greek Ιουστινιανός Α '(ο Μέγας) | April 1, 527 - August 1, 527 Companion with Uncle Justin I August 1, 527 - November 14, 565 single-handedly | Copper, pentanumium | Bust of the emperor, the emperor in height with a cross, options with a shield, with a banner | [11] . | ||
| Justin II lat Flavius Iustinus Iunior Greek Ιουστίνος Β | November 15, 565 - 574 single-handedly 574 - September 26, 578 companion with Tiberius II Konstantin | Copper, Nummy | The emperor with his wife, a figure with a priesthood, a M sign with a cross, options K, N | [12] . | ||
| Mauritius lat Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Greek Μαυρίκιος | August 14, 582 - November 23, 602 beheaded by the usurper Foki | Copper, 8 pentanumium, 4 pentanummy | The Emperor with his wife, a figure with Chrism, a sign of H | [13] . | ||
| Heraclius I lat Flavius heraclius lat Flavius heraclius augustus Greek Ηράκλειος ; arm Հէրագլիըս | October 5, 610 - February 11, 641 | Copper, 8 pentanummium | The emperor and his son Heraclius in height, a figure with a priesthood, a sign of H | [14] | ||
| Theophilus Greek Θεόφιλος |
| 821 - October 2, 829 co-regent of father Michael II Travl October 2, 829 - 840 single-handedly 840 - January 20, 842 made co-regent son of Michael III | Copper | Inscription, inscription | [15] | |
| Michael III Greek Μιχαήλ Γ '(ο Μέθυσος) | 840 - January 20, 842 co-ruler of father Theophilus January 20, 842 - 856 with the regent - mother Theodora 856 - May 26, 866 single-handedly May 26, 866 - September 24, 867 made co-regent of Vasily the Great , whose adherents he was killed | Copper | Letter M, cross | [sixteen] | ||
| Basil I the Macedonian Greek Βασίλειος Α΄ (ο Μακεδών) arm Բարսեղ Ա Մակեդոնացի | May 26, 866 - September 24, 867 co-ruler of Michael III September 24, 867 - August 29, 886 single-handedly, while: January 6, 868 - September 3, 879 his co-ruler was the son of Konstantin the Great from 870 made co-ruler of the 2nd son of Leo VI with 879 made co-ruler of the 3rd son of Alexander | Copper | Letter B, cross, letter B +, letter P, cross with dots, cross with a dot | [17] | ||
| Leo VI Greek Λέων ΣΤ΄ Μακεδών (ο Σοφός) | since 870 co-ruler of father Vasily I of Macedonian and brother Konstantin of Macedonian since September 3, 879 co-ruler of father Vasily I the Great and from 879 brother Alexander August 29, 886 - May 15, 908 co-ruler of brother Alexander May 15, 908 - May 11, 912 co-ruler of brother Alexander and his son Konstantin VII Bagryanorodny | Copper | Letters LE, cross, letters LA, cross, letters L + A, cross, letters L + E, cross | [18] | ||
| Konstantin VII Bagryanorodny Greek Κωνσταντίνος Ζ 'Μακεδών (ο Πορφυρογέννητος) | from May 15, 908 co-ruler of father Leo VI and uncle Alexander May 11, 912 - June 6, 913 co-ruler of Uncle Alexander since June 6, 913 rules involving regents from May 17, 920 made co-ruler of father-in-law Roman I Lakapin , and then his sons: from May 20, 921 to August 14, 931 - Christopher , from December 25, 924 - Stefan , from December 25, 924 - Stefan and Konstantin Lakapin , and then the sons of Christopher : from 927 - Roman Lakapin , from August 14, 931 - Mikhail Lakapin , but from January 26, 945 stopped comparing the last 4 January 26, 945 - November 9, 959 rules sovereignly since April 6, 945 made co-ruler of the son of Roman II | Copper | Portrait of Elena, portrait of Konstantin, variants of the monogram of Roman, portrait of Roman, monogram of the Roman, cross, monogram of Constantine, Roman monogram | [nineteen] | ||
| Roman II Greek Ρωμανός Β΄ | April 6, 945 - November 9, 959 co-ruler of father Konstantin VII Bagryanorodny November 9, 959 - March 15, 963 sovereignly from 960 made co-ruler of the son of Basil II , and from 962 and the son of Constantine VIII | Copper | Monogram named Roman, monogram named Vasily | [20] | ||
| Nicephorus II Fock Greek Νικηφόρος Β΄ Φωκᾶς | July 2, 963 - December 10, 969 co-regent of the stepsons of Vasily II and Constantine VIII , killed in the bedroom by John I by Tzimischius with the help of his wife Feofano | Copper | Monogram name, monogram title | [21] | ||
| John I Tzimiskes arm Գուրգեն Greek Ιωάννης Α΄ Τζιμισκής arm Հովհաննես Ա Չմշկիկ | December 10, 969 - January 10, 976 co-regent of Basil II and Constantine VIII , possibly poisoned | Copper | Monogram name, monogram title | [22] | ||
| Vasily II Greek Βασίλειος B ' | since 960 co-regent of father Roman II , and from 962 and brother Constantine VIII March 15 - July 2, 963 , co-ruler of brother Constantine VIII with the regency of mother Feofano July 2, 963 - December 10, 969 co-ruler of brother Constantine VIII and stepfather Nicephorus II Foki December 10, 969 - January 10, 976 co-ruler of brother Constantine VIII and usurper John I Tzimiskes January 10, 976 - December 15, 1025 co-ruler of brother Constantine VIII | Copper | Monogram name, monogram title | [23] | ||
| Constantine VIII Greek Κωνσταντίνος Η΄ | c 962 co-regent of father Roman II and brother Basil II March 15 - July 2, 963 , co-ruler of brother Basil II at the regency of mother Feofano July 2, 963 - December 10, 969 co-ruler of brother Basil II and stepfather Nicephorus II Foki December 10, 969 - January 10, 976 co-regent of brother Basil II and usurper John I Tzimiskes January 10, 976 - December 15, 1025 co-ruler of brother Vasily II December 15, 1025 - November 15, 1028 sovereignly | Copper | Monogram name, monogram title | [23] | ||
| Roman III Argir Greek Ρωμανός Γ΄ Αργυρός | November 15, 1028 - April 11, 1034 co-ruler of Zoe’s wife, and also, until 1030 of her sister Theodora , strangled by supporters of Michael , the favorite of Zoe | Copper | Monogram name, monogram title | [24] | ||
| Roman IV Diogenes Greek Ρωμανός Δ΄ Διογένης | co-ruler: December 31, 1067 - 1072 Michael VII Duki and Konstantin Duki from 1068 and their brother Andronic Dooku , who made him recant and then killed | Copper | Monogram, title | [25] |
Kercenitid Coins
[26]
Coins of Crimea in the Early Middle Ages
Coins of the Crimean yurt of the Golden Horde
Mint at Solhat
In 1242, after an unsuccessful campaign of the Golden Horde troops on the Polish and Hungarian kingdoms, the Tatar-Mongols occupied the Crimean peninsula. Khan Batuy divided the conquered lands into 14 independent uluses . The Crimean peninsula, as well as the land between the Dnieper and the Dniester received Mava. The governor of Khan Emir began to govern the Crimean ulus-yurt. Since 1261, the Golden Horde began to actively explore the Great Silk Road from the East to the countries of Western Europe. Trade and taxes brought large profits to the Jochi ulus . With the permission of the emir of Crimea, merchants got the right to establish their mint in the capital of the ulus-yurt Solhat and start minting regional money . The manufacture of coins during this period was practiced by the Karaites .
The first coins of Crimea from the time of the Crimean emirs did not mint stylistic images or khan's designations. Coins were issued in two denominations - ¼ and 1 barikat ( yarmak ) [27] . These issues date back to the years 1250–1260 to the reign of the emir of Crimea, son of Jochi Tuk-Timur . In the contracts of 1281–1343, this name was fixed on a coin whose origin is associated with the Mongolian word “bariku” - payments and receipts to the treasury, which were used until the middle of the XIV century, thus marking the time limits when the Northern Black Sea Coast was an independent zone of money circulation [ 28] . The unit of that time was the [29] .
On the obverse of coins with a face value of ¼ baricata, a legend in Arabic was denoted "emir". Vignettes are placed above and below. The legend in two lines “kiri / m” is on the reverse . Above and below the vignettes. The diameter of the coin is 10-12 mm, the average weight is 0.44 g. On the obverse of the coins with a face value of 1 barikat (yarmak) in a double circle (the outermost point, the inner one-piece) is a three-line legend “According to Tuk / Temir / Yarmak Crimea. " Under the inscription, inside the circle is a plant vignette. On the reverse, the coins minted in a double circle the legend in three lines: "Be happy / twelve / (of such coins) one altun ." Diameter - 21-22 mm, weight - 2.07 g. [30]
During the reign of Berke (1257–1266), they began to mint copper pools and silver baricates with the image of the Khan's tamga at the mint in Solhat. For the first time on the coins of Crimean coinage appears the name of the Khan. Burke’s barikates had no analogues in the Islamic world, but in terms of their weight characteristics (diameter 22-24 mm and weight 2.095 g) and silver sample they corresponded to the Venetian matapan . The legend on one of the baricates pointed to the ratio to the gold coin: "12 of these coins per altun." At that time, the golden hippers of the Byzantine Empire of the reign of Michael VIII Paleologue were the altunas [31] . On the obverse in the circle there is an inscription in Arabic: "padis of Islam, defender of peace and faith." On the reverse they minted an image of the Khan's tamga and on both sides a mint mark . Around tamga there is an inscription in Arabic "May this year of the black cow be blessed." 1 barikat corresponded to 48 pools [32] .
During the reign of Tuda-Mengu (1282–1287), the name “barikat” was replaced by “yarmak”. During this period, dinars begin to mint. Their diameter is 28 mm, weight 7.76-10 g. Under the Tohta Khan, the Golden Horde becomes a fully Islamic state [33] . During this period, the yarmak displaces the silver dirham (dirham), whose diameter was 16–20 mm, weight - 1.25–1.67 g. During the reign of this khan, copper pools with images of a double-headed eagle were first minted [34] .
| External Images | |
|---|---|
| Named pool of Khan Dzhanibek, minted Crimea 744 g. (1344) | |
During the reign of Uzbek Khan (1313–1341) Basqualism was abolished. The right to collect tribute was assigned to the vassal princes. Trade relations with India, the countries of Western Europe and the Mamluk sultanate enriched the Crimean emirs. The tamga Batu is depicted on coins of that period [35] .
In 1324, the lands of the Northern Black Sea Coast were conquered by the Lithuanian prince Algerd . For a century, from the end of the XIV to the end of the XV century, the western part of the Black Sea region belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania [36] [37] .
In 1381, Khan Tokhtamysh carried out a monetary reform. Turnover of old money was banned. Muslim slogans “victory of faith”, “defense of faith”, “glory of faith” appeared on the khan’s coins [38] .
Genoese coinage at Caffa
In the first half of the 15th century, the trading post of Genoa in the city of Caffe (modern Theodosius ) minted coins in denominations of ½ and 1 ducat , repeating both externally and by weight analogues Venetian. In addition, in the XIV century, the Genoese minted the emblem of their city on silver and copper coins.
Crimean Khanate
In 1459, the founder of the Crimean Khanate, Haji I Gerai, began to mint copper pools and silver akche with tamga of the genus in the mint of Kirk-Ora . On the obverse is the name and title of the khan "Supreme Sultan Haji Gerai" [39] . In 1468, coinage was established at Solkhat Mint [40] , and in 1465 in Ordu Bazar.
Under Nur-Devlet, as a bargaining chip, pools replaced copper mangroves. In 1654, a new monetary unit, beshlyk, equal to 5 acce, appeared. At the beginning of the 18th century, the production of acce was stopped. Also during Kyrym, Geray carried out a reform aimed at unifying the monetary circulation of the Crimean Khanate with that of the Ottoman Empire. In circulation, a new monetary unit of steam appears, equal to 3 manhirs or ½ akilik; 2½ ikilik - 1 beshlik - ½ onlik - ¼ irmilika; 2 irmiliki - 1 kurush; 1½ kurusha - 1 altmishlik.
As part of the Russian Empire
Notes
- ↑ Travkin, 2017 , p. 187.
- ↑ Domansky Y. V. Towards the background of Tauric Chersonesos (Rus.) // The Ancient World and Archeology. - 1974. - No. Issue. 2 . - S. 37–46 .
- ↑ Shonov I.V. Coins of Tauric Chersonesos. - Catalog. - Simferopol: Tavria, 2000 .-- 143 p. - ISBN 9-665-72003.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 7-10.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. eleven.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 12-14.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 15-16.
- ↑ Travkin, 2017 , p. 188-189.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 100.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 101-103.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 104-106.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 107-109.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 109-110.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 111-113.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 114.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 114-119.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 119-121.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 121-124.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 124-128.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 128-129.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 129.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 130.
- ↑ 1 2 Shonov, 2000 , p. 131.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 132-133.
- ↑ Shonov, 2000 , p. 134.
- ↑ CATALOG OF COINS / Kerkinitid . Coins of Tauris (2010 - 2016).
- ↑ Khromov K.K., 2007 I. Coins of the western part of the Ulus of Jochi. Part I. Yarmaki of Crimea. Section 1. Silver coins minted before the reign of Toktu // Eastern Numismatics in Ukraine. Part II Coins of the Jochids and neighboring states. S.4-54. Kiev.
- ↑ Ponomarev A. L. // Evolution of the monetary systems of the Black Sea and Balkans in the 13th centuries. Moscow. 2010
- ↑ Money in the Golden Horde
- ↑ Lebedev V.P., 2000. Catalog of Crimean coins as part of the Golden Horde (ser. XIII-beginning of the XV century) // Bulletin of the Odessa Museum of Numismatics, vol. No. 2. Odessa. Pp. 126-134; 1996, p. 62-67; 2000, p. 52-57; 2002, p.139-149
- ↑ Grierson Philip. Coins of Medieval Europe / Coins in history. London, Seaby. 1991. - p. 106, p. 26
- ↑ Karlov E.A. The Golden Horde, Lysychansk, 1998. - p. 58
- ↑ Lebedev V.P., 2000. Catalog of Crimean coins as part of the Golden Horde (ser. XIII-beginning of the XV century) // Bulletin of the Odessa Museum of Numismatics, vol. Number 2. Odessa
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ KHAN UZBEK. 713 - 740 G.H. / 1313 - 1339 . Museum of money of the city of Feodosia. Date of treatment June 17, 2019.
- ↑ Golish, 2006 , p. 61.
- ↑ Shust, 2007 , p. 70.
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ [4]
Literature
- Domansky Y. V. To the background of Tauric Chersonesos (Rus.) // Ancient world and archeology. - 1974. - No. Issue. 2 . - S. 37–46 .
- Travkin S. N. Coin coinage in Crimea and the history of Eastern Europe in antiquity and the Middle Ages (Russian) // Tsarskoye Selo readings. - 2017 .-- T. 1 . - S. 187-191 .
- Anokhin V.A. Antique coins of the Northern Black Sea region. - K .: Stilos Publishing House, 2011 .-- 328 p. - ISBN 978-966-193-058-1 .
- Shonov I.V. Coins of Tauric Chersonesos. - Catalog. - Simferopol: Tavria, 2000 .-- 143 p. - ISBN 9-665-72003.
- Lebedev V.P. Corps of coins of Crimea as part of the Golden Horde (ser. XIII beginning of the XV century) (Russian) // Bulletins of the Odessa Museum of Numismatics. - 2000. - March ( No. 2 ). - S. 12-34 .
- Golish G.M. Fundamentals of Numismatics (Ukrainian) . - 2nd view., Add. і віпр .. - Cherkasy: Cherkasy Central Scientific and Technical Institute, 2006. - 314 p. - ISBN 366-8120-36-1 .
- Shust R. M. Numismatics. The history of the penny bill and monetary help in Ukraine (Ukrainian) . - K .: Znannya, 2007 .-- 376 p. - ISBN 978-966-346-396-4 .