The analyzer (composition and properties of substances) is a device for determining the physico-chemical properties, composition and structure of solid, liquid and gaseous substances. [1] [2] For quantitative analysis, the analyzer determines in the sample the amount of certain chemical elements, elements, structures, etc. [3] In a qualitative analysis, the analyzer determines their presence in the sample by identification. [4] The general term applied to such devices is the means of measurement and control. [5]
Analyzers of the composition and properties of substances identify the qualitative composition, measure the quantitative composition of substances and some properties (density, viscosity and others) that characterize the composition and properties of substances. The micro- and macrostructure, the structure of substances can also be determined. [6]
Analyzers are divided into laboratory and industrial. [7] Automatic analyzers are used for fire and explosion protection of technological processes. [8]
The value of analyzers of the composition and properties of substances increased in the 1940s, when in the management of production processes a shift began from the control of indirect criteria (temperature, pressure, etc.) to the direct control of the qualitative characteristics of substances (composition, properties, structure). [6]
Content
- 1 Transducers
- 2 Means of control
- 3 level of automation
- 4 Instruments for analysis of the composition of gases and vapors
- 5 Density meters
- 6 Humidity measuring instruments
- 7 Notes
Primary Converters
Analyzers differ from other types of devices by the presence of an analytical unit in which the primary signal occurs. To obtain a signal, physical and physicochemical phenomena occurring when the analyte interacts with energy or auxiliary substances are used. [6] Most instruments for measuring the composition of liquids and gases do not measure the composition, but some property of a substance. A concentration meter can obtain a result by measuring electrical conductivity, a gas analyzer - thermal conductivity, etc. The basis of such devices is the assumption of an unambiguous relationship between the indicated and actually measured value. But this unambiguity is conditional and the boundaries of conditionality, as a rule, are not clearly defined. [9]
Control Tools
Many applied and extremely important areas of activity are associated with the determination of quantities (properties) that are not related to classical physical quantities. [5]
Indicators (determinants, signaling devices ) give signals about the qualitative composition of the analyte (for example, the presence or absence of any component). [7] In the legislation of Russia and the EAEU, measurements only include the determination of the quantitative value of a quantity. [10] [11] It is possible to use the term “assessment” [12] , “identification” [13] , and “measuring control” [5] to determine qualitative quantities. Qualitative assessment is carried out using non-metric scales of names and order. [12] Identification of objects belongs to the section of mathematical metrology. [13]
Various scales for assessing harmfulness and danger (fire, biological, radiation, etc.) are scales of the order [14] or names. The fire hazard rank is determined by temperature, its rate of change, smoke and the level of carbon monoxide in the air. [13]
Automation Level
The analyzer can operate continuously or intermittently. Samples may also be taken continuously or periodically, manually or automatically. Automatic analyzers are usually stationary devices, they can serve as elements of automatic systems. Semi-automatic analyzers require either manual submission of the sample or additional processing of the analysis results. Indicators are a type of semi-automatic analyzer and, as a rule, require manual maintenance. [15]
Instruments for analyzing the composition of gases and vapors
Laboratory control methods when applied at enterprises are not sufficiently operational, the time of development of an emergency in many chemical plants is measured in seconds or fractions of a second. For express methods of determination, indicators are used. Laboratory and rapid methods do not allow automatic and continuous monitoring. [16]
At the end of the 19th century, gas analysis ceased to be only laboratory. In 1897, the first automatic gas analyzer appeared in Sweden. In the USSR, the intensive development of automatic gas analysis began in the late 1940s; by the early 1970s, about 1 million automatic gas analyzers were operated in the USSR. Until the 1960s, gas analyzers in the USSR did not belong to measuring instruments. In the rest of the world, during the same period, work was underway to develop verification methods for gas analyzers. [17]
Gas analyzers are measuring instruments that are designed to determine the quantitative or qualitative composition of a mixture. [16]
Gas detectors only signal the achievement of a predetermined concentration value of the analyzed component. Several concentration values can be set at which a signal is generated. [16]
Gas indicators detect the analyzed component when a concentration is reached equal to the sensitivity threshold of the device. [16]
The gas fire detector reacts to the gases emitted during smoldering or burning of materials. The device gives a signal at a minimum gas concentration equal to its sensitivity. [eighteen]
Gas sensors are used as sensors or measuring transducers.
Density measuring instruments
Density measurement is of great practical importance. Density meters are used in food, petrochemical and other industries. [17]
Humidity meters
Hygrometers measure the humidity of gases. [17]
Moisture meters measure the moisture content of grain and grain products. The moisture content of the grain affects weight, consumer properties, storage and processing conditions. [17]
Hydrometers for oil are used in the extraction, transportation, storage, processing. [17]
Notes
- ↑ Analyzer // Korneeva T.V. Explanatory Dictionary of Metrology, Measurement Technology and Quality Management. Basic terms: about 7000 terms —M.: Rus.yaz., 1990
- ↑ Composition analysis of substances automatic equipment // Encyclopedia of modern technology. Automation of production and industrial electronics. Volume 1 (A - I) —M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1962
- ↑ Quantitative analysis // T. Korneeva Explanatory Dictionary of Metrology, Measurement Technology and Quality Management. Basic terms: about 7000 terms —M.: Rus.yaz., 1990
- ↑ Qualitative analysis // Korneeva T.V. Explanatory Dictionary of Metrology, Measurement Technology and Quality Management. Basic terms: about 7000 terms —M.: Rus.yaz., 1990
- ↑ 1 2 3 Novikov N.Yu. Theory of scales. Principles of building reference measurement procedures, coding and control. - M .: FIZMATLIT, 2011
- ↑ 1 2 3 Composition and properties of substances automatic measuring equipment // Encyclopedia of modern technology. Automation of production and industrial electronics. Volume 3 (Solution error - Frequency measuring system) —M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1964
- ↑ 1 2 Farzane N.G., Ilyasov L.V., Azim-zade A.Yu. Technological Measurements and Instruments — M .: Higher School, 1989
- ↑ Tymensky M.N., Zuykov G.M. Instrumentation for fire and explosion protection — M.: Stroyizdat, 1982
- ↑ Festa N.Ya. Issues of increasing the reliability and accuracy of the means of obtaining and processing information for process control systems in the chemical industry // Avtometriya No. 1, 1965
- ↑ International Treaty of May 29, 2014, “Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union,” Appendix No. 10 to the Treaty, “Protocol on Conducting an Agreed Policy in the Field of Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements”
- ↑ Federal law of 06.26.2008 N 102-ФЗ "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements" Article 2
- ↑ 1 2 Bryansk L.N. Untidy metrology - Mendeleevo, 2008
- ↑ 1 2 3 Russian Metrological Encyclopedia. Second edition. Ed. Academician of the RAS V.V. Ostropilova. In two volumes. Volume 1. SPb .: IIF “Faces of Russia”, 2015
- ↑ Bryansky L.N., Doinikov A.S., Krupin B.N. Metrology. Scales, standards, practice — M .: VNIIFTRI, 2004
- ↑ Vanya Ya. Analyzers of gases and liquids —M.: Energy, 1970
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Iovenko E.N. Automatic analyzers and signaling devices of toxic and explosive substances in air —M.: Chemistry, 1972
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Russian Metrological Encyclopedia — St. Petersburg: IIF “Faces of Russia”, 2001
- ↑ Gas fire detector // Fire safety. Encyclopedia. —M.: FGU VNIIPO, 2007