Congresses of Russian naturalists and doctors are the largest forums in the Russian Empire for scientists in the natural sciences (chemists, biologists, physicists, geographers, physicians, physiologists, etc.), held at unequal intervals from 1867 to 1913, at which the most prominent luminaries Russian science reported on the achievements of science in their fields. In total 13 such congresses were held [1] . The congresses from the first (1867) to the fourth (1873) were called “Congresses of Russian Naturalists” , without adding the word “doctors” . This word appeared in the official names of forums only starting from the V Congress [2] .
Following the results of the 1st Congress in 1868, the " Imperial St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists and Doctors " was created.
In total, a total of 23,437 registered delegates participated in the 13 Congresses [3] . The most representative and substantial of them were the VIII and IX Congresses [4] .
The XIV Congress in Kharkov was scheduled for 1916, but preparations for it were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I , and no more congresses were held.
“ There are outwardly not very significant events in the history, but they are the ones that give rise to the processes that determine the country's life in the future. Such seems to me to be the Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors . They are usually not written about in history courses. But it is to them that we owe the establishment of a unified Russian science, the concentration of the intellectual potential of our country . ” (prof. Simon Schnol, historian of science) [1]
The initiators and main drivers of the idea of convening regular scientific congresses in Russia in the direction of natural science were the famous professors K. F. Kessler and G. E. Shchurovsky [1] . Karl Kessler [5] , professor at the Department of Zoology at St. Petersburg University, and then acting as its rector [2] [6] [7], was especially zealous in proving the need for regular academic congresses to the top leadership of the Empire. The structure and organization of the Congress of Naturalists was prof. K. Kessler was borrowed from similar events [8] , already held by then in some foreign countries, including at the annual scientists of the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS - British Association for Advancement of Science) [2] . In 1856, prof. Karl Kessler sent the Minister of Education A.S. Norov a proposal to convene such congresses, but received a refusal from the Minister. However, Kessler does not abandon attempts to convene a congress by submitting petitions again and again, in 1861, 1863, 1867 [1] . Finally, in 1867, the highest permission was received for the First Congress in St. Petersburg [2] .
The successful holding of the first two Congresses and the creation in 1868 of the " Imperial St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists and Doctors " contributed to the establishment of the University Society of Naturalists at Kazan , Kharkov , Novorossiysk and Kiev (St. Vladimir) Universities during 1868-1870 [9] [5 ] ] .
Congress Timeline
- I Congress - December 28, 1867 - January 4, 1868, St. Petersburg.
- II Congress - August 20-30, 1869, Moscow.
- III Congress - August 20-30, 1871, Kiev.
- IV Congress - August 20-30, 1873, Kazan.
- V Congress - September 1876, Warsaw.
- VI Congress - December 20-30, 1879, St. Petersburg.
- VII Congress - August 1883, Odessa.
- VIII Congress - December 28, 1889 - January 7, 1890, St. Petersburg.
- IX Congress - January 3-11, 1894, Moscow.
- X Congress - August 21-30, 1898, Kiev.
- XI Congress - December 20-30, 1901, St. Petersburg.
- XII Congress - December 28, 1909 - January 6, 1910, Moscow.
- XIII Congress - June 16-24, 1913, Tiflis.
- XIV Congress - 1916. Should have been held in Kharkov, but did not take place.
History
I Congress of Russian Naturalists [10]
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| Proceedings of the First Congress of Russian Naturalists in St. Petersburg, which took place from December 28, 1867 to January 4, 1868. Title page. . | |
December 28, 1867 - January 4, 1868, St. Petersburg.
Chairman of the Congress - Professor Kessler Karl Fedorovich , Rector of the Imperial University of St. Petersburg .
The Congress was attended by 465 [4] delegates (registered members of the Congress) and about 2,000 free listeners. At the opening of the congress was attended by more than 2500 people [1] . [eleven]
“ If there is a need for periodic congresses ... there is a need in common for all civilized countries, then it is especially felt in Russia, where the distances between the best cities are so great, where the preachers of science and figures in various fields of industry are still so few. ... To successfully engage in the natural sciences, laboratories and observatories, museums and classrooms, microscopes and telescopes, and generally the most diverse shells and tools are needed. Such institutions and benefits are found almost exclusively in university cities, and even partly in unsatisfactory numbers and condition. In all our other cities, natural scientists, brought there by fate, are not only almost always in complete seclusion, but they are positively deprived of the opportunity to obtain any items necessary for the performance of the work, even the most insignificant. They must have an unshakable love of science, they need iron will, so as not to give in to despondency, not to fall into inaction. For the moral support of such scattered natural scientists, periodic congresses will be of great importance ... ”(K. F. Kessler. From the opening address at the opening of the 1st Congress of Russian Naturalists) [1] .
Total number of reports - 153 [4]
Plenary lectures :
- K. F. Kessler - Opening Remarks;
- G. E. Shchurovsky - “On the Accessibility or Popularization of the Natural Sciences”;
- E. V. Pelikan - “On the Importance of the Natural Sciences for Jurisprudence”;
- A. N. Beketov - “On Natural Science as a Subject of General Education”;
- A. S. Famintsyn - “On the educational value of the natural sciences”;
- M. I. Venyukov - “On the Successes of the Natural History Study of Asian Russia”;
- E. A. Junge - “Experience and speculation”;
- A. V. Sovetov - “On the Importance of Natural Sciences for Agriculture”;
- N. F. Zdekauer - "Natural History in Hygiene";
- Yu. I. Simashko - “Natural History as a Subject of Public Education”;
- D. I. Mendeleev - “Statement on the metric system”;
- A. S. Famintsyn - “On the necessary manuals for the teaching of the natural sciences in secondary schools”.
Sections and departments :
- Mathematics and astronomy (leaders A. N. Savich and M. F. Okatov );
- Physics and Chemistry (supervisors F. F. Petrushevsky and D. I. Mendeleev );
- Mineralogy and geology (leaders N.I. Koksharov and P.A. Puzyrevsky );
- Botanists (supervisor A.N. Beketov );
- Zoology (supervisor K. F. Kessler );
- Anatomy and physiology (supervisor F.V. Ovsyannikov ).
For the preparation and conduct of the first congress, 6600 rubles were collected from various sources, 2905 rubles. of which went to the publication of materials of the congress [12] .
II Congress of Russian Naturalists [13]
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| Proceedings of the Second Congress of Russian Naturalists in Moscow, which took place from August 20 to 30, 1869. Title page. . | |
August 20-30, 1869, Moscow.
The number of registered participants is 427 people [14] [4] .
The total number of reports is 228 [4] .
Chairman of the Congress - Professor Schurovsky Grigory Efimovich , Vice Rector and Acting Rector of Moscow University .
The vice-chairmen are K. F. Kessler and P. L. Chebyshev .
The congress opened with a welcoming speech, addressed to scientists by the mayor of Moscow, Prince Vladimir Alexandrovich Cherkassky [14] .
Sections and departments :
- Anatomy and physiology (chairs A. I. Babukhin , P. P. Sheremetevsky );
- Zoology and comparative anatomy (chairpersons A. P. Bogdanov , S. A. Usov , Ya. A. Borzenkov );
- Botanists (chairs N. N. Kaufman , N. I. Zheleznov );
- Mineralogy and geology (chairs G. E. Shchurovsky , M. A. Tolstopyatov );
- Physics and Physical Geography (chairs N. A. Lyubimov , A. S. Vladimirsky , Ya. I. Weinberg );
- Chemistry (Chairman N. E. Lyaskovsky );
- Mathematics, mechanics, astronomy (chairman A. Yu. Davydov );
- Technology and practical mechanics (chairs V.K. Della-Vos , I.P. Arkhipov );
- Scientific medicine (Chairs A.I. Polunin , N.A. Tolsky , A.N. Maklakov ).
III Congress of Russian Naturalists
August 20-30, 1871, Kiev.
The number of registered participants is 270 [4] .
The total number of reports is 146 [4] .
The chairman of the Congress is A.O. Kovalevsky .
The vice-chairmen are G. E. Shchurovsky and D. I. Mendeleev .
Members of the Steering Committee are NN Beketov , P. L. Chebyshev , A. M. Butlerov [1] .
Among the participants of the congress, the first woman scientist appeared - Anna Fedorovna Volkova , who came from St. Petersburg and registered in the chemistry section [2] .
IV Congress of Russian Naturalists
August 20-30, 1873, Kazan.
The number of registered participants is 267 [4] .
The total number of reports is 133 [4] .
The chairman of the Congress is A.O. Kovalevsky .
Vice-chairmen - in the first half of the congress - K. F. Kessler and A. M. Butlerov ; in the second half of the congress - L. S. Tsenkovsky and A. S. Famintsyn [1] .
V Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors
September 1876, Warsaw.
The number of registered participants is 344 [4] .
The chairman of the Congress is V. L. Brodovsky .
From this congress, the title added “... and doctors” [2] .
VI Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors [15]
December 20-30, 1879, St. Petersburg.
The number of registered participants is 1407 people [2] (other sources - 1409 people [4] ).
The total number of reports is 346 [4] .
Chairman of the Congress - A. N. Beketov
At the VI Congress, the outstanding Russian zoologist, hydrobiologist and encyclopedist Professor N. P. Wagner proposed creating “scientific associations for the development of complex issues” - temporary creative teams of scientists from various universities, laboratories and scientific societies that together could solve large-scale scientific problems in their area. However, the proposal of Professor Wagner was heatedly debated and did not meet the understanding of the scientific community, which saw in it “the desire to limit the freedom of scientific creativity and the independence of individual scientists in choosing a research topic” [2] [16] .
The first woman speaker appeared: a graduate of the University of Zurich, a specialist in the field of zoology of marine invertebrates Sofya Mikhailovna Pereyaslavtseva made a presentation on the section of zoology [17] .
VII Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors
August 1883, Odessa.
The number of registered participants is 641 [4] .
The total number of reports is 212 [4] .
Chairman of the Congress - I. I. Mechnikov .
VIII Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors
December 28, 1889 - January 4, 1890, St. Petersburg.
The number of registered participants is 2224 people [4] .
The total number of reports is 392 [4] .
The honorary chairman of the Congress is His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov .
Chairman of the Congress - A. N. Beketov .
The vice-chairmen are N.V. Sklifasovsky and A.G. Stoletov .
The Secretary of the Congress is V.V. Dokuchaev .
The congress is dedicated to the memory of the founder of the Congress Karl Fedorovich Kessler .
The congress was opened with a welcoming speech by the Minister of Public Education Count Ivan Davydovich Delyanov . Then, Petersburg Mayor V.I. Likhachev delivered a welcoming speech.
Plenary lectures :
- A. N. Beketov - Opening remarks. In memory of K. F. Kessler;
- D. I. Mendeleev - "Methods of natural science in the study of prices";
- N. V. Sklifosovsky - “The needs of medical education”;
- A. G. Stoletov - “Ether and Electricity”;
- A. S. Famintsyn - “On the mental life of the simplest living creatures”;
- N. P. Wagner - “The View of the Physiologist and Psychologist on the Hypnotism Phenomenon”;
- G. G. Gustavson - “Microbiological foundations of agronomy”;
- A. V. Klossovsky - “The history of the development of physical geography and the organization of physical and geographical research”;
- K. A. Timiryazev - “Factors of Organic Evolution”;
- P. F. Lesgaft - “On the Character of the Study of Natural Sciences in Higher Education”.
Sections :
- Chemistry (Chairman N. A. Menshutkin ),
- Botanists ( A.S. Famintsyn ),
- Zoology ( N.P. Wagner ),
- Geography ( A.I. Voeikov ),
- Medicine ( V.V. Pashutin ),
- Hygiene ( S.V. Shidlovsky ).
At the end of the congress, on January 8, 1890, the Sovereign Emperor Alexander III deigned to receive representatives of the 8th Congress, professors A. N. Beketov , D. I. Mendeleev , N. V. Sklifosovsky , A. G. Stoletova and V.V. Dokuchaev [1] .
“ Twentieth Century!” Only 10 years separates us from him. After 10 years, our puffy 19th century will humbly appear before the court of history. I believe that on this day, along with repentance of his many and grave sins, he will bring himself to defend himself and that he has worked hard and honestly in the field of science and, above all, in the study of nature. And when their older brothers, chemists and physicists present their brilliant conquests, their periodic laws of the elements, teachings on the identity of physical forces and energy conservation, and biologists will not come up empty-handed. They will present no less brilliant, widely capturing evolutionary doctrine, for the first time feeling a solid foundation on the basis of Darwinism ”(K. A. Timiryazev. From the report“ Factors of Organic Evolution ”, read at the plenary meeting of the VIII Congress of Russian Naturalists).
For some reason, the “Proceedings” of the VIII Congress were not published in the form of a complete collection, which was traditional for the previous seven congresses, but instead, only a short bulletin was published, entitled “Diary of the VIII Congress ...”, which was published every 1-2 days throughout forum. A total of 10 issues of the "Diary" [3] . Separately, a brief report was published on the work of the congress [18] .
At the VIII Congress, a "Standing Committee of Congresses" was created as a prototype of the future Association of Russian Naturalists [5] [3] [19] , but the committee was banned by the authorities.
IX Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors
January 3-11, 1894, Moscow.
The number of registered participants is 2170 people [4] .
The total number of reports is 395 [4] .
The chairman of the Congress is K. A. Timiryazev .
Plenary lectures :
- K. A. Timiryazev - “Holiday of Russian Science” (opening speech);
- I. M. Sechenov - “On objective thinking from a physiological point of view”;
- N. A. Umov - “Questions of cognition in the field of physical sciences”;
- S. N. Vinogradsky - “The nitrogen cycle in nature”;
- V. Ya. Zinger - “Misunderstandings in Views on the Foundations of Geometry”;
- A. A. Collie - “Microorganisms from a chemical point of view”;
- M. A. Menzbir - “The modern direction in biology”;
- A. I. Chuprov - “Statistics, as a connecting link between natural science and social science”;
- N. V. Bugaev - “On the 25th anniversary of the Moscow Mathematical Society”.
Sections and subsections :
- Mathematicians (supervisor N.V. Bugaev , secretaries V.V. Bobynin , V.V. Preobrazhensky );
- Astronomy (supervisor V. K. Cerasky , secretary P. K. Sternberg );
- Physicists (supervisor A. G. Stoletov , secretaries N. P. Kasterin , P. N. Lebedev , V. A. Ulyanin );
- Meteorology and geophysics (supervisor B. I. Sreznevsky , secretaries N. M. Kislov , N. P. Myshkin );
- Chemistry (supervisor V. V. Markovnikov , secretaries S. N. Zhukovsky, I. A. Kablukov , A. N. Reformed , V. V. Rudkevich, A. A. Yakovkin );
- Mineralogy and geology (supervisor A. P. Pavlov , secretaries E. D. Kislakovsky , A. V. Pavlov , V. D. Sokolov , V. A. Shchirovsky);
- Zoology (leaders A. P. Bogdanov , N. Yu. Zograf , secretaries N. M. Kulagin , G. A. Kozhevnikov );
- Comparative anatomy (leader M. A. Menzbir , secretaries P. P. Sushkin , A. N. Severtsov );
- Botanists (leader I. N. Gorozhankin , secretaries V. M. Arnoldi , A. P. Artari , E. F. Votchal , V. A. Deynega , I. A. Petrovsky, N. S. Ponyatovsky);
- Anatomy and physiology of plants (leader I. A. Petrovsky);
- Morphology and systematics (supervisor K. A. Timiryazev , secretary V. A. Deinega );
- Anatomy and physiology (leader I. M. Sechenov , secretary V. N. Popov );
- Anatomy and histology (leader I. F. Ognev , secretaries N. V. Altukhov and M. M. Gardner);
- Agronomy (leader I. A. Stebut , secretaries V. G. Bazhaev , I. P. Zholtsynsky, A. I. Kovenko , V. L. Olshevsky, A. P. Pakhomov);
- Geography, anthropology and ethnography (leader D. N. Anuchin , secretaries N. V. Gilchenko , A. A. Ivanovsky );
- Statisticians (leader A. I. Chuprov , secretaries V. A. Kosinsky , I. Kh. Ozerov , M. N. Sobolev ) [20] ;
- Medicine (supervisor V. D. Shervinsky , secretary L. E. Golubinin );
- Hygiene (supervisor F.F. Erisman , secretaries V.E. Ignatiev , V.V. Kuvaldin).
At the IX Congress, at the plenary meeting on January 11, Leo Tolstoy was present, who came for the report of his friend, philosopher and mathematician, Professor V. Ya. Zigner . Count Tolstoy was greeted with a standing ovation and put on the podium, next to the chairman of the congress, K. A. Timiryazev . During the break of the meeting, Tolstoy talked with physiologist I.M.Sechenov . The Russian press the next day noted the presence of Tolstoy at the congress; the newspaper Russkiye Vedomosti covered in detail, which was edited by many teachers and students of Moscow University [21] [22] .
The IX Congress is especially famous for the fact that it proclaimed the thesis on molecular transmission of hereditary traits by Professor A. A. Collie , and the results of studies of the cell nucleus and chromosomes were reported by Professor M. A. Menzbir [1] .
X Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors
August 21-30, 1898, Kiev.
The number of registered participants is about 1000 people.
The total number of reports is 382 [4] .
The chairman of the Congress is N. A. Bunge .
The congress was opened with the texts of a welcome telegram from the congress delegates to the Emperor Nicholas II and the return telegram of the Sovereign, who greeted the high Congress and thanked him for his kind words and expressed feelings.
Plenary lectures :
- D. I. Mendeleev - “On weights and measures”;
- N. V. Bugaev - “Mathematics and the scientific and philosophical worldview”;
- N. E. Zhukovsky - “On Aeronautics”;
- F. N. Shvedov - “Cosmology of the end of the XIX century”;
- N. N. Beketov - "Our atmosphere in time."
The main scientific event of the 10th Congress, historians of science consider the report of S. G. Navashin , made by him at a meeting of the Botany section, on the discovery of double fertilization in higher plants [1] .
XI Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors
December 20-30, 1901, St. Petersburg.
The number of registered participants is over 5,000.
The Honorary Chairman of the Congress is Prince Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg .
The chairman of the Congress is N. A. Menshutkin .
The vice-chairmen are N. A. Umov and I. M. Dogel .
The congress opened with a welcoming speech by the Prince of Oldenburg and a response by N. A. Menshutkin .
The main topic of the congress was the problem of science education in Russia. The main provisions of the methods of teaching natural sciences were formulated. According to the results of the discussion at the congress, the Ministry of Education was forced to partially reform the methodology of teaching science in school. In particular, for the first three classes, the teaching of botany, zoology, etc. in the disciplines was replaced by the general subject “ Natural History ” (“ Natural History ”), on which, according to the methodology of D. N. Kaygorodov (in 1907, replaced by the methodology of V.V. Polovtsova ) nature was studied by community (biotope): forest, garden, meadow, pond, river, etc., called "dormitories of nature." And only from the 4th grade did the separate study of natural sciences begin. A similar principle of the teaching of natural sciences with a number of changes has been preserved to this day [23] .
At the congress, the question arose again about the organization in Russia of an association of scientists from the natural sciences in a single “Russian Association of Naturalists and Doctors” [19] .
XII Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors [24]
December 28, 1909 - January 6, 1910, Moscow.
The number of registered participants is over 5,000.
The chairman of the Congress is D.N. Anuchin .
Plenary lectures :
- D. N. Anuchin - “Russian Science and Congresses of Naturalists”;
- I.I. Bergman - “Electricity and Light”;
- O. A. Baklund - "The main trends in modern celestial mechanics";
- P. I. Walden - “25th anniversary of the theory of electrolytic dissociation and non-aqueous solutions”;
- B. F. Verigo - “The role of nitrogen in the metabolism of animals”;
- V. I. Vernadsky - “Paragenesis of chemical elements in the earth's crust”;
- Yu. V. Wulf - “Structure, appearance and proper installation of crystals”;
- V. Ya. Danilevsky - “The Basic Physiological Law of the Development of Mind and Will”;
- N. I. Krishtafovich - “On the Last Ice Age in Europe and North America”;
- N. A. Morozov - “The Evolution of Matter on the Celestial Stars according to Spectral Analysis”;
- MV Pavlova - “The Importance of Paleontology”;
- A. P. Pavlov - “On the oldest deserts on Earth”;
- I. P. Pavlov - “Natural Science and the Brain”;
- V. I. Palladin - “The work of enzymes in living and dead plants”;
- D. N. Pryanishnikov - “Universities and Agronomy”;
- A. N. Severtsov - “Evolution and Embryology”;
- A. I. Chuprov - “Selective research”;
- A. A. Eichenwald - “Matter and Energy”.
XIII Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors [25] [26]
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| Proceedings of the XIII Congress of Russian Naturalists in the Mountains. Tiflis June 16-24, 1913. Title page of volume V. . | |
June 16-24, 1913, Tiflis.
The number of registered participants is about 3,500.
Chairman of the Congress - I. A. Kablukov .
The vice-chairmen are N. M. Kulagin and I. G. Orshansky .
Plenary lectures :
- A. N. Severtsov - “Immediate Tasks of the Evolutionary Theory”;
- V. I. Taliev - “Mutation theory and flowering plants”;
- N. E. Zhukovsky - “New achievements in the theory of resistance of liquids”;
- N. K. Koltsov - “Thinking Horses”;
- L. I. Tarasevich - "The phenomena of anaphylaxis and their biological significance."
“Association of Russian Naturalists and Physicians”
From the very beginning of the “Congress of Russian Naturalists”, a number of leading scientists who took an active part in their organization had the idea of creating an all-Russian association that would unite Russian scientists in the field of natural sciences. Attempts to create such an association have arisen repeatedly. After the creation of the “ Imperial St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists and Doctors ” and the subsequent creation of four more university scientific societies in Kazan, Kharkov, Novorossiysk and Kiev over the next two years, the organizers of the Congresses began attempts to unite them into the Association, however, the unions were divided into opposition as on the part of the authorities, who saw in too broad public associations a certain potential of political danger, and also about the mood of the scientists themselves, who were in initelnyh certain initiatives limiting their freedom of scientific research [16] [2] . The question repeatedly surfaced in discussions at congresses, but without any success or advancement. At the VIII Congress, a "Standing Committee of Congresses" was created as a prototype of such an organization, but Count I. D. Delyanov , the Minister of Education, forbade this committee. In 1891, Professor A. P. Bogdanov prepared a detailed justification for the need for a universal organization for the Ministry, which came out as a separate pamphlet [27] . В 1894 году по инициативе всё того же профессора А. П. Богданова была создана новая комиссия, которая к 1895 году подготовила проект Устава «Русской Ассоциации...» и представила его вновь графу Делянову. Проект лежал в министерстве без движения до 1898 года, когда следующий Министр народного просвещения Н. П. Боголепов дал ему ход. К 1900 году проект был согласован и Министерством народного просвещения и Министерством внутренних дел Империи. Устав был вынесен на обсуждение делегатов XI Съезда русских естествоиспытателей и врачей, однако на съезде никакого решения по нему так и не было принято [19] . Вопрос об Ассоцииции дискутировался вплоть до 1916 года. С 20 по 24 августа 1917 года в Москве был проведен Организационный (Учредительный) съезд « Объединения (Ассоциации) Русских Естествоиспытателей и Врачей » [28] и по его итогам был даже издан первый номер бюллетеня «Известия объединения (ассоциации) русских естествоиспытателей и врачей» [29] [30] , но известные трагические события 1917 года похоронили идею научного объединения русских естествоиспытателей навсегда.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 С. Э. Шноль. Из истории съездов русских естествоиспытателей и врачей . — Научная библиотека МГУ им. M.V. Lomonosov.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 М. В. Лоскутова. Съезды русских естествоиспытателей и профессорско-преподавательский корпус университетов Российской Империи (1860-1910-е гг.) // ПРОФЕССОРСКО-ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ КОРПУС РОССИЙСКИХ УНИВЕРСИТЕТОВ. 1884-1917 ГГ.: ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ДОКУМЕНТЫ. Томский государственный университет. // ред. С.Ф. Фоминых, М.В. Грибовский. — 2012. — С. 76—93 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 И. А. Лягушкин, Е. А. Вишленкова. Профессиональная самоорганизация русских учёных (опыт просопографического анализа зоологической секции на съездах русских естествоиспытателей и врачей второй половины XIX - начала XX века). // НИУ Высшая школа экономики. Институт гуманитарных историко-теоретических исследований им. А. В. Полетаева.. — С. 172-190 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Шноль С. Э. Съезды русских естествоиспытателей и врачей. Статистическая таблица (рис.1-36) .
- ↑ 1 2 3 А.В. Балахонов. 140 лет Санкт-Петербургскому обществу естествоиспытателей | Санкт-Петербургское Общество Естествоиспытателей . Санкт-Петербургское общество естествоиспытателей . Дата обращения 13 июня 2019.
- ↑ Погожев А. В. Двадцатипятилетие (1861—1886) естественнонаучных съездов в России. — Москва, 1887.
- ↑ Тихонович Н.Н. Съезды русских естествоиспытателей и врачей // Очерки по истории геологических знаний. Вып. 1. Москва, Издательство АН СССР. — 1953. — С. 95—119 .
- ↑ Любимов Н. Съезды естествоиспытателей в Швейцарии, Германии и Англии.. — Москва, 1869.
- ↑ Общества естествоиспытателей при университетах дореволюционной России: к 125-летию начала деятельности.. — Ленинград: Институт истории естествознания и техники. Ленинградский отдел., 1990.
- ↑ Труды Первого съезда русских естествоиспытателей в С.-Петербурге, происходившего с 28 декабря 1867 по 4 января 1868 г.. — с. разд. паг., [41] л. ил. : табл.; 31 см. — Санкт-Петербург: Тип. Imp. Acad. наук, 1868. — 1070 с.
- ↑ Анастасия Мельникова. К 200-летию со дня рождения К. Ф. Кесслера (рус.) (неопр.) ? . Научная библиотека СПбГУ (Новости библиотеки) (3 декабря 2015). Дата обращения 13 июня 2019.
- ↑ Бекетов А.Н. Историческая записка об учреждении и ходе Первого съезда русских естествоиспытателей // Труды первого съезда русских естествоиспытателей в Санкт-Петербурге. СПб, 1868. С. 9.
- ↑ Труды Второго съезда русских естествоиспытателей в Москве, происходившего с 20-го по 30-е августа 1869 года . — В Университетской типографии (Катков и Ко), 1870. — Разд. паг. with.
- ↑ 1 2 2-й съезд русских естествоиспытателей и врачей, 1869 г . www.famhist.ru. Дата обращения 13 июня 2019.
- ↑ Съезд русских естествоиспытателей и врачей (6; 1879; (СПб.) : речи и статьи .. — Санкт-Петербург: Типография имп. Академии Наук, 1880. — 678 с.
- ↑ 1 2 Речи и протоколы VI съезда русских естествоиспытателей и врачей в Санкт- Петербурге.. — Санкт-Петербург, 1880. — С. 39-47, 246, 349-350, 123-124, 150.
- ↑ Митрофанова Е. Е. Памяти С.М. Переяславцсвой.. — Варшава, 1905.
- ↑ VIII Съезд русских естествоиспытателей и врачей в С. Петербурге, от 28 декабря 1889 г. до 7 января 1890 г. Т. [1 : Состав съезда, отчеты секретаря и редактора]. — Санкт-Петербург: тип. В. Демакова, 1890.
- ↑ 1 2 3 XI съезд Русских Естествоиспытателей и Врачей. Русская Ассоциация Естествоиспытателей и Врачей // Вестник опытной физики и элементарной математики. — 1902. — Апрель ( № 319 ). — С. 145—148 .
- ↑ Д. И. Рихтер. Земская статистика на IX-м Съезде естествоиспытателей в Москве / Доклад Д. И. Рихтера в 3 Отд. Императорского Вольного экономического общества, 12 марта 1894 г. Съезд естествоиспытателей и врачей. . — Санкт-Петербург: Тип. В. Демакова, 1894. — 21 с.
- ↑ И. В. Петровицкая. Лев Толстой на съезде естествоиспытателей и врачей. // в кн. Лев Толстой и студенчество Московского университета . Дата обращения 13 июня 2019.
- ↑ А. В. Цингер. У Толстых // Международный Толстовский альманах. - М., Книга. 1909. - С. 390-392.
- ↑ Развитие школьного естествознания и биологии в начале XX в. XI Всероссийский съезд естествоиспытателей и врачей. Деятельность В.В. Половцева. Истоки юннатского движения в России (Л.Н. Никонов). . zdamsam.ru. Дата обращения 13 июня 2019.
- ↑ Дневник XII Съезда русских естествоиспытателей и врачей в Москве с 28 декабря 1909 г. по 6 января 1910 г. : издаваемый по постановлению Распорядительного комитета Съезда. // №№ 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 / под. ed. Ф. Н. Крашенинникова. — Москва, 1910.
- ↑ Труды XIII Съезда русских естествоиспытателей и врачей в гор. Тифлис 16—24 июня 1913 года. Том V. Труды по секции педагогических вопросов. 1-й полутом. // под ред. Н. Ф. Рудольфа и А. Ф. Ляйстера . — Тифлис: Типо-Литография и Переплётная Т-ва "Либерман и К°", 1915. — 423 с.
- ↑ Труды XIII Съезда русских естествоиспытателей и врачей в гор. Тифлис 16—24 июня 1913 года. Том VI. Труды по различным секциям, специально касающиеся Кавказа / под ред. Н. Ф. Рудольфа и А. Ф. Ляйстера. — Тифлис: Типо-Литография и Переплётная Т-ва "Либерман и К°", 1916. — 656 с.
- ↑ Богданов, Анатолий Петрович. Нужна ли Русская ассоциация естествоиспытателей и научных врачей для вспомоществования развитию научных работ по естествознанию в России и для расширения научной деятельности съездов русских естествоиспытателей и врачей? : Доклад, сост. по поручению Распорядительного ком. VIII Петерб. съезда естествоиспытателей и врачей Анатолием Богдановым . — Изв. Imp. о-ва любит. естествознания, антропологии и этнографии, состоящего при Имп. моск. ун-те. Т. 70; Дневник зоол. отд. о-ва. Т. 1, № 5. — Москва: Тип. М. Г. Волчанинова, 1891. — 40 с.
- ↑ Организационный съезд Объединения (Ассоциации) Русских Естествоиспытателей и Врачей . - Moscow: Type. Т-ва И.Д. Сытина, 1917. — 4 с.
- ↑ Известия объединения (ассоциации) русских естествоиспытателей и врачей. Vol. 1. . — Объединение русских естествоиспытателей и врачей. — Москва: тип. т-ва И.Д. Сытина, 1917. — 16 с.
- ↑ Известия объединения (ассоциации) русских естествоиспытателей и врачей [Текст - Search RSL] . Российская Государственная библиотека . search.rsl.ru. Дата обращения 14 июня 2019.