Lord High Constable of Scotland ( Eng. Lord High Constable of Scotland ) - one of the top positions of the Scottish crown. It was originally a hereditary position in the Scottish kingdom , now it is one of the ceremonial positions in Scotland, which is held by Earl Errol .
Content
History
Position appeared in the 1st half of the XII century, when the Scottish King David I reorganized the royal court. The constable of Scotland was one of the warlords who, during the royal campaigns, was the first commander of the Scottish army after the king. The first known constable was Edward Sivardsson, who was of Anglo-Saxon origin. He maintained his post until about 1144. in 1140, Hugh de Morville (d. 1162), who was of Norman origin, was first named constable, who had previously received an important feud from David in in Northern England [1] . Later the post of constable of Scotland was also occupied by his son and grandson [2] , and after the extinction of the dynasty, it was inherited by Alan Galloway (died 1234), whose mother was the daughter of Richard de Morville [3] .
Alan was a major Scottish magnate, ruler of Galloway . However, he did not leave his legitimate sons, which is why after his death in 1234 the tenure was divided between the husbands of three daughters. The post of constable went to the husband of the eldest daughter, Roger de Quincey (circa 1195 - April 25, 1264), the 2nd Earl of Winchester, who also had significant possessions in England. However, although Roger was the constable of Scotland, he played a significant role in Scottish politics and did not participate in the military companies of King Alexander II . Roger did not leave sons, so his large possessions were divided between the husbands of daughters [3] [4] .
During the reign of Alexander III , Sir Leonard Leslie is mentioned as a constable [5] .
In 1309, King Robert I, Bruce, appointed as constable his loyal supporter , Baron Errol. However, this appointment was temporary, because in 1312 (d. 1326), Count Atoll was appointed by the constable. However, after the Stretbogi passed to the English side in 1314, the king returned the position to Gilbert de la Hayu, making it hereditary in his family [6] [7] . His descendants, who in 1452 received the title of Counts of Errol, occupy it to the present.
After the unification of England and Scotland, the position was preserved, but became ceremonial.
In 1952, the Claims Court allowed , who, after her father’s death in 1941, inherited the title of Countess Errol, to attend the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II as Lord High Constable of Scotland.
Since 1978, Scottish High Constable.
Duties of the High Constable of Scotland
The constable of Scotland during the royal campaigns was the first commander of the Scottish army after the king, and also served as chief justice of the , who had exclusive jurisdiction over crimes committed less than 4 miles from the king, members of the Scottish parliament and . Also the royal bodyguards in the Holyrood Palace traditionally submit to the Chief Constable [8] .
The High Constable had a number of honorary privileges, including the right to sit at the right hand of the king when he visited parliament, and at that time he kept the keys to parliament and was responsible for guarding the king, accompanying him at right hand as a sign of his power [8] .
He also traditionally led the King’s ceremonial guard, and also in order of seniority in Scotland traditionally ranked first behind members of the royal family [9] .
Until the 15th century, the constable and his assistants had the right to collect customs duties for any goods that arrived in the city where Parliament was sitting [8] .
Supreme constables of the Scottish Guard during the Hundred Years War
During the Hundred Years' War in France served a lot of Scots. They had their own command. To more effectively command the Scots, the French king introduced the post of High Constable of the Scottish Guard. The carriers of this position in the sources are often called constables of Scotland. The most famous of these was John Stuart, Earl of Buchan (d. 1424), who in 1421 also became a constable of France .
High Constables of Scotland
- ? - OK. 1144 : Edward Sivardsson , constable of King David I [5] [1] .
- before 1138 - 1162 : Hugh de Morville (d. 1162), Baron Lauderdale and Cunningham , Constable of King David I. [1] [5] .
- 1162 - 1189 : (d. 1189/1190), Baron Lauderdale and Cunningham and Constable of Scotland from 1162, son of the previous one [2] [5] .
- 1189 - 1196 : William de Morville (d. 1196), Baron Lauderdale and Cunningham and Constable of Scotland from 1189, son of the previous one [2] .
- ? - 1234 : Alan Galloway (d. Approx. February 2, 1234), Lord Galloway from 1200, Baron Lauderdale and Cunningham, Constable of King Alexander II, son of Helen de Morville, daughter of Richard de Morville [3] [5] .
- 1234 - 1264 : Roger de Quincey (circa 1195 - April 25, 1264), 2nd Earl of Winchester from 1219, Constable of Scotland from 1234, husband of Helen of Galloway, one of the daughters of Alan of Galloway [4] [5] .
- 1265 : Sir Leonard de Leslie , constable of King Alexander III [5]
- 1309-1312 : (d. 1333), Baron Errol, constable of Scotland in 1309 and 1314-1333 [7] .
- : (d. 1326), Earl Atoll in 1306-1314, constable of Scotland in 1312-1314 [6]
- 1314-1333 : Gilbert de la Hay (secondary) [7] .
- 1333 - 1334 : Henry de Beaumont (c. 1380 - until March 10, 1340), 1st Baron Beaumont from 1309, Earl Buchan from 1333 (from 1334 the title was confessed only in England), Earl of Moray and Constable of Scotland in 1333-1334 [ 10] .
- 1334 - 1346 : (d. 1346), Baron Errol and the constable of Scotland from 1333, Gilbert de la Hay [7] .
- 1346-1406 : (d. 1406), Baron Errol and Constable of Scotland from 1346, son of the former [7] .
- 1406 - 1437 : William de la Hay (d. 1406), Baron Errol and Constable of Scotland from 1406, son of the previous one [7] .
- 1437 - 1462 : (d. 1462), Baron Errol and Constable of Scotland from 1437, 1st Earl of Errol from 1452, grandson of the previous one [7] .
- Further, the position is inherited from the graphs of Errol .
See also
- Earl Errol
Notes
- 2 1 2 3 Stringer K. Morville, Hugh de (d. 1162) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- 2 1 2 3 Stringer K. Morville, Richard de (d. 1189/90) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Oram RD Alan, lord of Galloway (b. Before 1199, d. 1234) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- ↑ 1 2 Oram RD Quincy, Roger de, earl of Winchester (p. 1195–1264) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Beatson R. A Great Britain and Ireland. - Vol. Iii. - P. 126.
- ↑ 1 2 Watson F. Strathbogie, David, styled tenth earl of Atholl (d. 1326) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McGladdery CA Hay family (per. C. 1295 – c. 1460) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- 2 1 2 3 Historic Earls and Earheads of Scotland Chapter IV - Earldom and Earls of Erroll (Eng.) . The appeal date is June 11, 2019.
- ↑ Bruce A. Keepers of the Kingdom. - P. 60-61.
- ↑ Maddicott JR Beaumont, Sir Henry de (c. 1280–1340), baron // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Literature
- Bruce A. Keepers of Britain: The ancient offices of Britain. - London: Cassell, 2002. - 240 p. - ISBN 0-30-436201-8 .
- Beatson R. Great Britain and Ireland; or, register for the hereditary honors, public offices, and persons in office . - London, 1806. - Vol. Iii.
Links
- Historic Earls and Earls of Scotland Chapter IV - Earldom and Earls of Erroll (eng.) . The appeal date is June 11, 2019.