Sydney [3] ( English Sydney , pronounced [ˈsɪdni] [4] ) is the largest and oldest city in Australia with an area of 12,144.6 km² [5] , whose population as of June 2017 was 5,131,326 people [1 ] . Sydney is the capital of New South Wales . The city was founded in 1788 by Arthur Phillip , who arrived here at the head of the First Fleet , and was the site of the first colonial European settlement in Australia [6] . The city was named by the colonists in honor of Lord Sydney - the then Minister of the British colonies.
City | |||||
Sydney | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sydney | |||||
| |||||
A country | Australia | ||||
State | N.S.W. | ||||
History and geography | |||||
Based | 1788 | ||||
City with | 1842 | ||||
Square | 12,144.6 km² | ||||
Center height | and | ||||
Climate type | oceanic | ||||
Timezone | UTC + 10 , in the summer UTC + 11 | ||||
Population | |||||
Population | 5 131 326 [1] people ( 2017 ) | ||||
Density | 422.52 person / km² | ||||
Katoykonim | Sydney, Sydney [2] | ||||
Digital identifiers | |||||
Telephone code | +61 2 | ||||
Postcode | |||||
cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au (English) | |||||
Sydney is located on the south-east coast of Australia . The settlement was built on the shore of a round little cove - Sydney ( eng. Sydney Cove ), located in the middle part of the extended Sydney Harbor Bay - the southern branch of Port Jackson Bay (harbor), separated by a narrow strait (~ 1 km) from the Tasman Sea . Later, the city was built to the south of the Sydney Harbor Bay (it is up to 20 km long and 1 to 3 km wide and 50 m deep), and then around it. This was the reason why Sydney is often called the “City near the bay” ( Eng. The Harbor City ).
Over time, urban buildings fully embraced Port Jackson Bay, which includes three bays - Sydney Harbor, Middle Bay ( English Middle Harbor ) and North Bay ( English North Harbor ). Currently, Sydney has grown even more and includes the Botanic Bay ( eng. Botany Bay ) of the Tasman Sea located to the south, on the north bank of which the Gorky International Airport is located . Kingsford Smith .
Sydney is famous for its opera house , Harbor Bridge and its beaches. Residential neighborhoods of Greater Sydney are surrounded by national parks. The coastline (both external "sea" and intracity) is extremely indented. It is replete with numerous bays, coves, islands and beaches.
According to the classification of the University of Loughborough in 1999, the city belongs to the category of cities of the beta class [7] . Sydney was the venue for numerous international political and sporting events, such as the 1938 British Empire Games, the 2000 Olympic Games, and the 2003 Rugby World Cup . In September 2007, a meeting of the leaders of the APEC countries was held in Sydney, and in July 2008, International Youth Day was held here.
Sydney is one of the most multicultural and multinational cities in the world, which is caused by the fact that the city is the main place of residence for immigrants arriving for permanent residence in Australia [8] . According to the Mercer study, Sydney ranks first in Australia in terms of the cost of living and is 66th in the world in terms of this indicator [9] .
History
Modern research based on radioisotope analysis suggests that the aboriginal people of Australia first came to the area in which Sydney is now located about 30,000 years ago [10] . The aborigines who inhabited this area belonged to the cadigal group. Before the arrival of the Europeans here, they owned a territory located to the south of Port Jackson Bay, where the central parts of the city are nowadays [11] . Although the exact number of Aborigines who lived in this area before the arrival of the Europeans is difficult to call, it is estimated that there were 4,000-8,000 people.
In 1770, James Cook , on his first round-the-world expedition, sailing from New Zealand to the west, discovered a new land, which he called New South Wales. Moving along the coast to the north, he landed on the Carnell Peninsula in the Gulf of Botany , named after the expedition Banks and Solander botanists. The expedition spent here eight days, examining the flora, fauna and mapping these places, then moved along the coast to the north.
After the war for the independence of the United States began in 1776, the Americans refused to accept convicts sent to them from the UK, and British prisons began to overflow. The parliament and the minister of colonies of Sydney (who was a friend of the botanist Banks) decided to send prisoners to Botany Bay in order to establish a new British colony there.
The first fleet organized by the British naval forces from 11 ships and vessels (2 warships - the flagship HMS Sirius, a ten-gun armed merchant ship, 511 tons, and an armed tender HMS Supply 175 tons for messenger service, 6 transports with prisoners, from 278 to 452 tons, and 3 vessels with supplies, from 272 to 378 tons) led by captain Arthur Phillip arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788 . With a more thorough examination of the shores of Botany Bay, this place was considered insufficiently suitable for the establishment of a new colony, primarily due to the lack of fresh water, salt and exposure to winds. Arthur Phillip personally at HMS Supply surveyed Port Jackson Bay, located just 12 km to the north, which James Cook marked on the map, but did not examine in detail. Entering Port Jackson, HMS Supply discovered that it was a big three-arm bay. Having surveyed the small Northern sleeve (now it is North Harbor), he then entered the southern bay branch (now: Sydney Harbor), which was curved and inaccessible to oceanic winds and waves, where he found a very convenient round cove.
On January 26, 1788, the entire First Fleet moved from Botany to Port Jackson, and anchored in this small circular cove, later called Sydney Cove, located in the middle part of the extended 20-kilometer Sydney Cove (Eng: Sydney Harbor ) branched bay Port Jackson. Captain Arthur Phillip announced the accession of New South Wales to Great Britain, the creation of the first settlement here, and that he is now the first governor of New South Wales. Now this day is the national holiday of Australia. Initially, it was supposed to name the new settlement of Albion , but at the last moment Arthur Phillip decided to name it in honor of Lord Sydney, who was at that time Secretary of the United Kingdom for Colony Affairs [12] .
The First Fleet was soon followed by the Second , and then the Third . In essence, they did not differ from the First , since the main purpose of these expeditions was, as in the first case, the transportation of prisoners from British prisons to the newly formed colony (the Second Fleet, however, was noted by the fact that many people died on the way scurvy and other diseases).
Sydney has long been the main reference point for prisoners from the UK . Despite the fact that since 1815 , after the end of the Napoleonic wars , free immigration began to gain momentum, in 1820 approximately 40% of the population were prisoners.
Soon after 1789, an extremely smallpox epidemic broke out among the natives who inhabited the area immediately adjacent to Sydney, in which thousands of them died.
In 1808, the so-called Rum Riot took place in Sydney. He was summoned by the attempt of the governor of New South Wales, William Bly , who became famous as one of the main participants in the events connected with the insurgency on the ship " Bounty ", to interrupt the monopoly of the officers of the Corps of New South Wales for alcohol. Using the infinite power in the colony, the officers turned the inhabitants practically into slaves, using alcohol instead of money in the calculations for goods and services. After long debates and negotiations, the confrontation turned into open confrontation, which led to the arrest and dismissal of Governor Bly . This rebellion was the only example of successful armed seizure of power in Australia . After the arrival of new military contingents in Sydney, the Corps was disbanded, officers participating in the riot were punished. However, Governor Bligh was removed from his post and replaced by the more liberal Lachlan Macquarie .
Geography
Topography
The urban areas of Sydney are located in the coastal valley, which is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean , the Blue Mountains from the west, the Hawksbury River in the north and the Royal National Park in the south. The coastline is cut by numerous bays and coves, which were formed as a result of the fact that as the climate warmed at the end of the Ice Age and the rise of the World Ocean level, the water flooded the coastal river valleys and ravines of low mountains. Port Jackson Bay, which includes Sydney Harbor Sydney Harbor, is just such an entity and is the largest natural bay in the world [13] . On the territory of residential areas of the city there are approximately 70 small bays and beaches, including the famous in the southern part of the city and Manly beaches in the north. The area of residential areas of the city for 2001 was 1687 km² [14] . However, the Sydney Bureau of Statistics uses in its calculations a much larger area, including the Blue Mountains , the Central Coastal District, and the national parks adjacent to the city. Thus, the total area of Greater Sydney is 12,145 km² [15] .
Harbor Bridge
Central part of the city
Photo of Sydney, made from space. In the upper right part of the picture, the long and winding bay of Port Jackson is seen. In the southern part is Botany Bay.
Geographically, Sydney is located between two regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat terrain to the south and west of the Bay and the Hornsby Plateau, located north of the city. The oldest historical areas of the city are located on the southern shore of Port Jackson Bay. The north coast began to develop much later because of its more mountainous terrain and the lack of easy access here during the initial period of the city’s development. The main communication with the north coast of Sydney Harbor and the remote points of Port Jackson Bay was then (and still continues) carried by ferries from the central pier of the city. It is called - translated as "Circular Quay" or "Circular Quay" and is located on the shores of the historic Sydney Cove, from which the development of the city went. The situation with the development of the northern areas of the city changed dramatically only after 1932 , when the construction of the Harbor Bridge was completed.
Climate
Sydney is located in a zone of subtropical oceanic climate with its characteristic moderately hot summer and moderately warm winter. The amount of precipitation falling in the city is distributed throughout the year with an advantage in the winter months. In areas of the city immediately adjacent to the ocean, the climate is more even, but in the western areas of the city, located more deeply in continental Australia, more extreme temperature surges are often observed. January is the warmest month with an average air temperature of 16.6–25.8 ° C and an average number of days with air temperatures over 30 ° C - 14.6. The absolute record of temperature was recorded on January 18, 2013 during a heat wave in Australia, the air temperature was 45.8 ° C, in suburbs up to 47 ° C. A strong hot west wind brought a powerful heat for several hours, which, together with the sun, warmed the city at 24 ° C for several hours. At the same time, the next day the wind was reversed, and the temperature above 22 ° C did not rise. Winter temperatures rarely fall below 5 ° C in coastal areas. July is the coldest month with an average daily temperature of 8–16.2 ° C. A record low temperature was recorded at 2.1 ° C in Sydney.
Sydney Botanical Garden
Pond in the park
Pyramid
Pond
Flying foxes in the park
The precipitations are distributed more or less evenly throughout the year, with some predominance in the first months of the year, when eastern winds determine the weather in the city. The average annual rainfall in Sydney is 1217 mm, the average number of rainy days per year is 138. The snowfall was recorded in the central part of the city for the last time in 1836 . However , snow pellets that fell in the city in 2008 , which are sometimes mistaken for snow, make us think that the phenomenon of 1836 could have the same character and was not snow [16] . In 1947, a hail struck Sydney , which affected more than 1,000 people.
Although Sydney is not strongly influenced by cyclones, El Nino plays a big role in shaping the climate of a city. Depending on the phase, this phenomenon can be, on the one hand, the cause of droughts and forest fires, on the other, it provokes storms and floods. Many urban areas that are located in close proximity to forest and bush are exposed to the immediate danger of forest fires. The fires were especially strong near the city in 1994 , as well as in 2001–2002 . Especially fire seasons are spring and summer. In the city quite often there is a strong hail and strong storm winds. One of the strongest cities fell on the territory of the city in 1999 . It caused significant damage to the central and eastern regions of Sydney. During this storm, individual ice floes falling from the sky reached sizes of about 9 centimeters in diameter. This led to damage estimated by insurance companies at about $ 1.7 billion. [17]
Sydney is prone to flooding that occurs as a result of heavy rains falling in the city mainly in winter and springtime. Heavy rainfall during this period, in turn, is caused by low pressure areas passing over the territories of eastern Australia . In addition to heavy precipitation, the weather during this period is characterized by strong winds and frequent storms on the sea. The worst flooding occurred in Sydney on August 6, 1986 , when 327.6 millimeters of rain fell on the city within 24 hours. This flood led to the paralysis of transport in some parts of the city, and also caused damage to many buildings [18] .
According to the Australian Meteorological Bureau, the period between 2002 and 2005 was characterized by the hottest summer months since the start of observations in 1859 . In 2004, the average maximum of daytime temperatures was 23.39 ° C, in 2005 - 23.35 ° C, in 2002 - 22.91 ° C, in 2003 - 22.65 ° C. Between 1859 and 2004, the average daily maximum temperature was 21.6 ° C. Since November 2003, there were only two months in Sydney, when the average maximum daily temperature was below the average for the period: March 2005 (temperature below the average by 1 ° C) [19] and June 2006 (0.7 ° C) [20] . However, according to the Bureau, the summer of 2007/08 was one of the coldest in the entire history of observations. According to these data, the summer of 2009/10 was the coldest in 11 years, as well as the rainiest in 6 years. This was only the third summer in history, when daytime temperatures did not rise above 31 ° C [21] .
Sydney climate | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator | Jan. | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | July | Aug | Sen | Oct. | Nov. | Dec | Year |
Absolute Maximum, ° C | 45,8 | 42.1 | 39,8 | 33.9 | 30.0 | 26.9 | 25.9 | 31.3 | 34.6 | 38.2 | 41,8 | 42.2 | 45,8 |
Average maximum, ° C | 25.9 | 25.8 | 24.7 | 22.4 | 19.4 | 16.9 | 16.3 | 17,8 | 20.0 | 22.1 | 23.6 | 25.2 | 21.7 |
Average temperature, ° C | 22.3 | 22.3 | 21.2 | 18.6 | 15.5 | 13.1 | 12.2 | 13.4 | 15.6 | 17.9 | 19.6 | 21.4 | 17,8 |
Average minimum, ° C | 18.7 | 18,8 | 17.6 | 14.7 | 11.5 | 9.3 | 8.0 | 8.9 | 11.1 | 13.6 | 15.6 | 17.5 | 13.8 |
Absolute minimum, ° C | 10.6 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 7.0 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 9.1 | 2.1 |
Rainfall rate, mm | 101.5 | 118.0 | 130.2 | 126.4 | 121.2 | 130.5 | 98.6 | 80.6 | 68.9 | 77.4 | 83,8 | 77.9 | 1214.7 |
Water temperature, ° C | 22 | 22 | nineteen | nineteen | 18 | 18 | sixteen | sixteen | 18 | 18 | 21 | 21 | nineteen |
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology , Tourist Portal |
Architecture
Architecturally, Sydney combines high-rise buildings in the center and a vast private sector with around it [22] .
Sydney Opera House is a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
City Government
In Sydney, there has never been a common city government body; on the contrary, the city is divided into local government areas (prefecture districts) - councils , subordinate to local government (local government areas) . The elective councils of these districts are vested with the authority of the government of New South Wales and have an extensive remit from garbage collection to local planning. The counties, in turn, are divided into districts - suburbs . Each district chooses its mayor.
The mayor of one of the oldest districts in the city, the urban territory of Sydney - City of Sydney , is called Lord Mayor of Sydney - Lord Mayor of Sydney , but is only responsible for his district. True, in some cases, the Lord Mayor may represent the whole of Sydney, for example, during the Olympic Games.
Basically, city life is controlled by the state government. This includes public transport, main roads, traffic management, police, education above the kindergarten level, planning major infrastructure projects.
Because the bulk of the population of New South Wales resides in Sydney, the state government has always been reluctant to share powers with local governments and even change county boundaries. Since 1945, the borders of the City of Sydney have been changed by the state government at least four times.
Currently, Sydney has 38 districts:
Russian | English | Russian | English |
Burwood | Burwood | Merrickville | Marrickville |
Blacktown | Blacktown | Hornsby | Hornsby |
Botany Bay | Botany bay | Auburn | Auburn |
Bankstown | Bankstown | Parramatta | Parramatta |
Warring | Warringah | Penris | Penrith |
Willoby | Willoughby | Pittwater | Pittwater |
Vullara | Woollahra | Ryde | Ryde |
Waverly | Waverley | Rockdale | Rockdale |
Camden | Camden | Randvik | Randwick |
Canterbury | Canterbury | Sutherland | Suterland |
Kogara | Kogarah | North Sydney | North sydney |
Kurin-gai | Ku-ring-gai | Sydney | Sydney |
Campbelltown | Campbelltown | Strasfield | Strathfield |
Canada Bay | Canada bay | Fairfield | |
Lycardd | Leichhardt | Hunters hill | Hunter's hill |
Liverpool | Liverpool | Hurstville | Hurstville |
Lane cove | Lane cove | Hills | The hills |
Mosman | Mosman | Holroyd | Holroyd |
Manly | Manly | Ashfield | Ashfield |
Population
Residents born abroad [23] | |
A country | Population (2006) |
---|---|
Great Britain | 175 166 |
PRC | 109 142 |
New Zealand | 81,064 |
Vietnam | 62 144 |
Lebanon | 54 502 |
India | 52 975 |
Philippines | 52,087 |
Italy | 44 563 |
Hong Kong | 36,866 |
South Korea | 32,124 |
Russia | 5364 [24] |
Ukraine | 4330 [24] |
According to the 2006 census, there were 4,119,190 inhabitants in Sydney and its environs, while there were 3,641,422 people in Sydney itself [25] . Most often, Sydneyans noted that they are of Australian, English, Irish, Scottish and Chinese origin. The census also showed that 1.1% of Aboriginal people live in Sydney, and 37.7% of the population was born outside Australia. 18.1% of city dwellers are Asians [26] . The three main sources of immigrants are the UK, China and New Zealand. They are followed by Vietnam, Lebanon, India, Italy and the Philippines. Many people other than English speak at least one more language, most often Chinese ( Cantonese or North Chinese ), Arabic, Greek, and Vietnamese [27] . 13,220 people spoke Russian, 156 of them did not answer the question about their level of English proficiency [28] . Sydney ranks seventh in the world in terms of percentage of residents born abroad. The average age of residents is 36 years old, 15.4% is over 65, 15.2% have at least a bachelor's degree.
According to the 2011 census, 15,431 people speak Russian, 181 of them did not answer the question about English [29] . 4 391 674 inhabitants lived in the city [30] . 60.9% of them considered themselves Christians, 17.6% did not adhere to any religion, 7.6% did not answer the question, 4.7% were Muslims, 4.1% were Buddhists, 2.6% were Hindus, 0.9% are Jews and 1.6% are from other religions [31] .
Economy
The most important sectors of the economy of Sydney, judging by the number of employees employed in them, are the service sector , trade , manufacturing , health care and public services [32] . Since the 1980s, the overall situation in the labor market has changed in such a way that an increasing number of jobs are shifting from production to services and to information technology. The economy of Sydney accounts for about 25 percent of the entire Australian economy [33] . The city has the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) and the Reserve Bank of Australia , as well as the headquarters of 90 banks and more than half of the country's largest companies. Sydney is the main center of Australia , which houses the regional offices of international companies (there are about 500) [34] . Of the ten largest Australian companies, four have head offices in Sydney ( Caltex Australia , Commonwealth Bank , Westpac and Woolworth ). Fox Studios Australia has a big movie studio in town. The Sydney Futures Exchange (SFE) is one of the largest exchanges of this type in the Australian-Pacific region. It is the 12th largest futures exchange in the world and the 19th largest, if we consider the turnover of options [35] . According to a Forbes study, in 2014, Sydney ranked eighth in the list of the most influential cities in the world in terms of the number of attracted foreign investments, as well as in the state of the economy as a whole [36] .
Residents of the city have the highest average income per capita in Australia , it is US $ 42,599 per person. As of 2004, the unemployment rate in the city was 4.9 percent [37] . According to a study by The Economist , Sydney ranks 16th on the list of the most expensive cities in the world. Other studies show that the city is in 15th place in terms of earnings of its residents [38] . As of September 20, 2007, the average price of homes in Sydney was the highest among the largest Australian cities and amounted to A $ 559,000 [39] . Sydney also has the highest average rental rate in Australia : A $ 450 per week.
The central part of the city in addition to a large number of offices has a huge number of shopping centers, shops and shops. Shopping, numerous cultural and sporting events, architecture, historical sites and amazingly beautiful nature of the city attracts many tourists from both Australia and around the world. According to statistics, in 2004, 7.8 million Australian tourists and 2.5 million visitors from abroad visited the city [40] .
Transportation
The network of highways is widely developed in Sydney, since city residents make extensive use of cars for transportation. There is a system of highways (motorway), some of which are paid (tollway), some - free (freeway). Large roads are combined into 10 highways (Metroads), which include a 110-kilometer orbital network (Sydney Orbital Network).
Sydney has a well-developed network of public transport - bus routes, taxis and trains. Passenger ferries ply in Sydney Bay and on the Parramatta River, which flows into the bay.
From January 2, 2012, a one-time fare in a bus in the central part of the city (Multi-1 zone) is: AUD 3.5 (6.1 - “round trip”) for adults and 1.7 and 3.0 for children respectively . A weekly ticket in the same zone for all types of transport (bus, train, ferry) costs AUD 43 and 21.5, respectively, without limiting the number of trips.
In December 2012, the paper ticket system was abolished and the last ticket machines were dismantled at the end of 2016. The introduced system of contactless travel cards covered all types of transport. Now she can use to travel by bus, tram, subway and ferry.
Trains
The first railway line was opened in 1855 between Sydney and Parramatta . Currently, trains run 20 hours a day on the network, a length of 2080 km with 306 stations (including suburban). The interval of movement of trains is about 15 minutes at peak hours, the rest of the time - 30 minutes. In the City and Eastern areas of the train go underground. The transition to electric locomotives began in 1926. Currently, the entire urban railway park is electrified, the supply voltage is 1500 V DC. Approximately 270 million passengers use the train every year.
Metropolitan
On May 26, 2019, the first and only Australian metro with a single line, 36 km long, with 13 stations opened in Sydney. It connects the suburbs of Rose Hill and Chatswood, as well as the Sydney business center and port .
Buses
The network of Sydney bus routes roughly coincides with the currently closed tram network. The bus number is usually a three-digit number, the first digit of which, as a rule, indicates the area of the city where this route operates. For example, buses with numbering 3XX run in the eastern districts of Sydney, and routes 8XX - in the south-west. The state-owned , owned by the government of New South Wales, operates the Sydney and Newcastle bus networks, as well as passenger ferries. The bus fleet of both cities consists of more than 2,100 cars, based at 13 depot.
Ferries
The history of the first Sydney ferries can be traced far back in time, during the time of the arrival of the First Fleet , when in 1789 a ferry from the Gulf of Sydney went upriver to the farmer settlements of Parramatta. The first official ferry was built by prisoners and went sailing and oars. The journey to Parramatta took about a week. By 1899, the Sydney Ferry Company became the largest ferry company in the world. But after the opening of the Harbor Bridge on March 19, 1932, the number of passengers dropped sharply from 30 to 13 million a year.
Approximately 14 million passengers are transported by ferry every year, many of whom travel not only on business, but just for pleasure, especially on weekends. So in 2009–2010, the routes go to the Manly area, famous for its beaches and aquarium with the longest 110-meter underwater tunnel in the world. The latest record for ticket sales on one day was recorded on January 2, 2011, when 94918 tickets were sold, and almost half of them were on the route to Manly. Today, the fleet consists of 28 ferries, connecting 38 quays to the network, the network length is 37 km.
Tram
Sydney’s tram network, now abolished, was once the second after London in the British Empire and one of the largest in the world. The first horse existed from 1861 to 1866. In 1879, there were routes with steam trams. The electrification of the tracks began in 1898 and was basically completed in 1910. The network reached its maximum length in 1923 - 291 km (181 miles). By 1930, the fleet was about 1600 cars, the maximum number of passengers transported in 1945 - 405 million. Increasing competition from private cars and buses, as well as traffic jams led to the gradual closure of routes. The last tram passed through Sydney in 1961. In some places, the rails are still preserved, but old trams run only a short 3.5 km from the tram museum to the depths of the Royal National Park .
More than 30 years after the closing of the last tram route, in 1997, the new light rail tram route Metro Light Rail was opened (not to be confused with the subway). In 2000 and 2014 it was extended and now passes from the central railway station (Central Station) to the Dulwich Hill district. The length of the route is 12.8 km with 23 stops, approximately 3.9 million passengers use this route annually. There is a project to build a new branch from Central Station through the City to the Circular Quay central ferry port, located a few minutes walk from the Opera House , the Royal Botanic Gardens and other tourist attractions. Construction began in 2015. There is also an idea to build branches to the University of Sydney and the University of New South Wales .
Major Attractions
- Sydney Opera House
- The Australian Museum is one of the oldest museums in Australia, formerly called the Museum of Sydney ( The Sydney Museum ).
- Museum "Power Station" ( eng. Powerhouse Museum ), Museum of Science.
- Australian National Maritime Museum ( English Australian National Maritime Museum ).
- Sydney Town Hall.
- Sydney Aquarium
- Sydney Tower
- Centennial Parklands is a park in Sydney.
- .
- .
- Museum of Justice and Police (Justice & Police Museum)
- .
- Manor
- House Meroogal
- Susannah Place Museum
- Sydney Mint
- Manor
- Harbor bridge
- Cathedral of the Virgin Mary
- Pier of the Gulf of Vullumulu
- Embankment Darling Harbor
- Bondi Beach
- Taronga Zoo .
Twin Cities
Sydney has 6 sister cities [41] :
- San Francisco , California , USA
- Nagoya , Japan
- Wellington , New Zealand
- Portsmouth , UK
- Guangzhou , China
- Florence , Italy
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 What's driving? (English) (inaccessible link) . Australian Bureau of Statistics (24 April 2018). The appeal date is July 3, 2018. Archived on April 25, 2018.
- ↑ Gorodetskaya I.L., Levashov E.A. Sydney // Russian names of inhabitants: Dictionary reference book. - M .: AST , 2003. - p. 263. - 363 p. - 5000 copies - ISBN 5-17-016914-0 .
- ↑ According to the "Dictionary of proper names" (author - F. L. Ageenko) stress - on the first syllable, in the "Dictionary of exemplary Russian stress" (author - M. A. Studiner) both options are permissible, and the emphasis on the second syllable is preferable.
- ↑ Macquarie ABC Dictionary. - The Macquarie Library, 2003. - p. 1000. - ISBN 1-876429-37-2 .
- ↑ City of Sydney - General Introduction (not available link) . Archived March 18, 2011.
- ↑ History of Australia (Not available link) . The appeal date is November 22, 2008. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Beaverstock, JV; Smith, RG; Taylor, PJ Research Bulletin 5: A Roster of World Cities . Globalization and World Cities. The date of circulation is November 23, 2008. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Designing for Diversity: the Multicultural City (inaccessible link) . 1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney . Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship. The date of circulation is November 23, 2008. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Cost of living - The world's most expensive cities . City Mayors. The appeal date is November 23, 2008. Archived August 23, 2011.
- ↑ Macey, Richard Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years (Eng.) . The Sydney Morning Herald (15 September 2007). The appeal date is September 15, 2007.
- ↑ City of Sydney. City of Sydney Indigenous History of Sydney Cove
- ↑ The 10 people Who Shaped Sydney . Fairfax Media . Sydney Morning Herald. The date of circulation is December 21, 2008. Archived August 25, 2011.
- ↑ The Harbor City (inaccessible link) . Showcase Destinations Sydney, Australia. Circulation date November 24, 2008. Archived August 25, 2011.
- .0 2016.0 Census of Population and Housing: Selected Characteristics for Urban Centers, Australia . Australian Bureau of Statistics. The appeal date is November 24, 2008.
- ↑ 1217.0.55.001 Glossary of Statistical Geography Terminology, 2003 . Australian Bureau of Statistics. The appeal date is November 24, 2008.
- ↑ Sydney weather hail, not snow , AAP (27 July 2008). The appeal date is August 11, 2008.
- ↑ The Sydney Hailstorm - 14 April 1999 . Bureau of Meteorology. The date of circulation is October 5, 2006. Archived August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Rain in Sydney, 1986 . Archived November 23, 2009. in Australian Climate Extremes , Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 9 September 2006.
- NS NSW Regional Office , Bureau of Meteorology, accessed October 21, 2007.
- NS NSW Regional Office , Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 21 October 2007.
- NS NSD Regional Office , Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 25 March 2008.
- ↑ Michael Spens. Sydney . - Oxford University Press , 2003. - (Grove Art Online). (subscription required)
- ↑ 2006 Census Community Profile Series
- ↑ 1 2 Expanded Community Profile - Sydney _ Sheet X01f
- ↑ 2006 Census QuickStats
- ↑ Australian Census 2006, Ancestry by Region . Censusdata.abs.gov.au. The circulation date is June 1, 2010. Archived on January 14, 2013.
- ↑ When diversity means cultural richness . Webdiary. The circulation date is June 1, 2010. Archived on January 14, 2013.
- ↑ Expanded Community Profile - Sydney _ Sheet X05e
- ↑ Expanded Community Profile - Sydney _ Sheet X05f
- ↑ 2011 Census QuickStats
- ↑ 2011 Census Data - Greater Sydney Community Profile
- ↑ Sydney - Basic Community Profile and Snapshot - 2001 Census (not available link) . Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2002. Date of circulation on November 23, 2008. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ City Commerce (Inaccessible link) . City of Sydney Media Center. The appeal date is November 23, 2008. Archived on February 4, 2012.
- ↑ Of the ten largest corporations in Australia (based on revenue) . BRW 1000. Date of circulation November 23, 2008. Archived August 20, 2007.
- ↑ Overview (not available link) . Sydney Futures Exchange website. The date of circulation is July 3, 2006. Archived December 30, 2006.
- ↑ The World's Most Influential Cities 2014 ] . Economics . Forbes is an American business magazine (2014). The appeal date is August 8, 2014.
- ↑ Sydney Sydney Statistical Division (Not available link) . Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005. Date of circulation November 23, 2008. Archived June 1, 2008.
- Cities Swiss Economics . City Mayors (2007). The date of circulation is November 23, 2008. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Still strong confidence in the housing market (inaccessible link) . Press Release. The appeal date is November 23, 2008. Archived July 19, 2008.
- ↑ Tourism Data Card - Forecasts, Economic Impacts and selected Regional Data - 2004 (PDF) (not available link) . Tourism NSW. 2004. Date of circulation November 23, 2008. Archived May 22, 2006.
- ↑ City of Sydney: Sister City (English)