Groups of workers can be classified by the color of their collars worn at work; collars may reflect occupation or sometimes gender [1] . White-collar workers are named after white shirts with a collar, which were fashionable among office workers in the early and mid-20th century. Blue-collar workers are called technical workers, because at the beginning of the 20th century they usually wore robust, inexpensive clothes, for example, from blue denim , which did not have water-based mud. There are other interpretations of the colors of "collars" of workers.
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White Collar
The term “white collar” was coined in the 1930s by the American writer Upton Sinclair , who referred to this word in connection with clerical, administrative and managerial functions in the 30s [2] . White-collar workers are employees, usually related to office workers and management. However, in some developed countries, such as the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada, it is considered that a person is a “white collar” when he performs complex professional work in the field of management and administration.
Blue Collar
Blue collar - the members of the working class who perform manual labor and either receive hourly wages or receive piecework payment for the amount of work done. This term was first used in 1924 [3] .
Pink Collar
Pink-collar workers are also representatives of the working class working in the services sector . They work in positions such as waiters , clerks, sellers and many other positions associated with active communication with customers. The term was coined in the late 1990s as a phrase to describe the jobs that women usually occupied [4] ; now the value has changed to cover all service work [5] [6] .
Golden Collar
A Golden Collar worker is a highly qualified interdisciplinary specialist who combines the mind of a white collar with the hands of a blue collar. Armed with deep knowledge in mathematics and natural sciences (physics, chemistry and biology), “golden collars” are so called for their great contribution to the development of the company and the economy as a whole. They have a higher than average income, applying their extensive knowledge and skills [7] .
Other colors
Some categories of work include responsibilities that fall under one or more of the categories listed above, or none of the above [8] [9] . These categories include:
- Red Collars are civil servants of all types [10] . Also in China they refer to the officials of the Communist Party in private companies [11] .
- Purple Collars is a qualified technician, usually one with a white and blue collar; An example is information technology workers. They are mostly white-collar workers, but perform certain engineering tasks.
- " New Collars " - an employee develops the technical and communication skills necessary to work in the modern technology industry through non-traditional types of education.
- " Without a collar " - artists and "free people" who tend to prefer emotions and personal growth over financial gain. This term was popularized in the Survivor: Worlds Apart reality show, which used the concept of “No Collar” (in addition to White and Blue Collar as tribal units) [12] to distinguish people who work without pay [10] .
- " Orange Collars " - people working in prisons , named after orange jumpsuits worn by prisoners in some countries [10] [13] .
- Green Collars - employees in the field of environmental protection and renewable energy.
- “ Scarlet Collars ” are sex workers [10] .
- " Brown Collars " - military .
- “ Black Collars ” - manual workers in industries with high risks of pollution, diseases, etc., for example, when mining and drilling for oil [10] [14] ; also used to highlight illegal workers.
Notes
- ↑ Réka Benczes. Creative Compounding in English . - Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006-11-08. - p. 144-146. - (Human Cognitive Processing). - ISBN 9789027223739 . - ISBN 9789027293183 .
- ↑ Definition of white-collar in English . Oxford Dictionaries. The appeal date is May 30, 2019.
- ↑ Forrest Wickman. Why Do We Call Manual Blue Colore Laborers? (eng.) . Slate Magazine (May 1, 2012). The appeal date is May 30, 2019.
- ↑ Definition of pink-collar in English . Oxford Dictionaries. The appeal date is May 30, 2019.
- ↑ Kathleen Elkins. 20 jobs that are dominated by women . Business Insider. The appeal date is May 30, 2019.
- ↑ Amy Tennery. The Term “Pink Collar” Is Silly And Outdated - Let's Retire It (Eng.) // Time. - ISSN 0040-781X .
- ↑ Mary Ann Roe. Cultivating the Gold-Collar Worker // Harvard Business Review. - 2001. - May. - ISSN 0017-8012 .
- ↑ Work in America: an encyclopedia of history, policy, and society . - Santa Barbara, Calif .: ABC-CLIO, 2003. - P. 597. - 741 p. - ISBN 1576076768 . - ISBN 9781576076767 .
- ↑ Van Horn, Carl. Work in America: MZ / Carl Van Horn, Herbert Schaffner. - CA, USA: ABC-Clio Ltd, 2003. - P. 597. - ISBN 9781576076767 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Biseria, Puneet (May 20, 2015) Types of Collar
- ↑ Red-Collars in Private Companies . Beijing Review (Jun 28, 2007). The appeal date is April 14, 2015.
- ↑ Feinberg. Recap: 'Survivor: Worlds Apart' Premiere - 'It's Survivor Warfare' . Hitfix . Hitfix, Inc .. The appeal date is July 26, 2015.
- ↑ Jenna Pandeli. Orange-collar workers: an ethnographic study of prisoners of private firms (English) . - Cardiff University, 2015.
- ↑ Friedrich Thomas. Hitler's Berlin: abused city . - New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012. - p. 12. - 482 p. - ISBN 9780300184884 . - ISBN 0300184883 .