Garman is an agricultural tool for threshing grain, as well as threshing with domestic animals ( oxen or horses ) harnessed to stone skating rinks or carts loaded with stones [1] ; It was used in the Russian Empire until the 20th century .
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 | Garman in vintage illustration |
In the Kherson region, garman is also a horse-threshing current . This method of threshing was uneconomical, as part of the grain is trampled and broken, and straw becomes unusable [2] . Threshing on harmonica, the common name is chasing or trampling grain of animals [3] and squeezing it out of ears with wheels of moving carts [4] .
Content
History
Garman was a stone gear roller with six or more teeth [5] , which was used in the southern farms of Novorossia when threshing grain crops; widely used in the Don. [6] It was made manually from quartzite - a durable and difficult to process natural stone .
The name of the tool comes from the general name “threshing on harmonica” - trampling grain by domestic animals (chasing) and squeezing wheels of moving carts. Sheaves were laid out on a prepared flat earthen platform, along which a harman was moved manually or with the help of horses (most often for convenience - in a circle). Earlier, the threshing of grain in Russia was carried out manually by knocking out sheaves of flails , so the harmonics to some extent mechanized the threshing of grain. The use of threshers (the first of which were steam) eliminated manual threshing of grain.
At present, harmonics of varying degrees of preservation can be found in farms in the Rostov Region. Due to their antiquity and beautiful appearance, they are used in landscape design and in the design of open museum displays. Often they are considered millstones of mills, but this is a mistake. [6]
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary has an article about harman.
See also
- Threshing floor
- Millstone
Literature
- Garman // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 volumes / auth. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Printing house of M.O. Wolf , 1880-1882.
- Garman // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- The trampling of grain by animals // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Garman // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. 1907-1909.
Notes
- ↑ Garman // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 volumes / auth. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Printing house of M.O. Wolf , 1880-1882.
- ↑ Garman // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. 1907-1909.
- ↑ Trampling of grain by animals // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Garman // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Threshing Stone (Toothed)
- ↑ 1 2 Antique stone gears for threshing grain