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Bioanalog

Bioanalogue ( Eng. Biosimilar ; also called a similar biological drug , bioanalogical drug , biosimilar or biosimilar drug ) is a biological drug that is an almost identical copy (version) of the original drug and is produced by another company. [1] . Bioanalogs are officially approved versions of the original β€œinnovative” drugs, their production and launch on the market are possible after the expiration of the patent of the original drug. [2] . Confirmation of the equivalence of the bioanalogue in the framework of a set of comparative studies with the original drug in terms of physicochemical characteristics, biological activity, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, as well as clinical safety and efficacy is required to obtain permission to enter the market; a bioanalogue should be created based on the profile of the physicochemical and biological properties of the original molecule.

Unlike generic drugs containing low molecular weight compounds , biologics are usually characterized by a high complexity of the molecular structure and high sensitivity to modifications and changes in their production processes. Despite such heterogeneity of the molecular structure of the active substance, all biological products , including bioanalogs, must have such quality and clinical characteristics that would be stable throughout their entire life cycle. [3] Bio-analogue manufacturers do not have access to the molecular clone of the original developer and the original cell bank, to accurate data on the fermentation and purification process, or to the active drug substance, but they do have access to a marketed, innovative product. For this reason, it is much more difficult to reverse engineer (that is, create the entire chain of production processes, knowing only the characteristics of the final product) and achieve interchangeability between β€œreproduced” and innovative biological products, rather than if they were drugs based on fully synthetic or semi-synthetic drugs. That is why the word β€œbioanalog” was coined to distinguish between such β€œreproduced” biological products and low molecular weight generics. A simple analogy, often used to explain the difference, is to compare wine and soda. Objectively, it is more difficult to recognize the β€œsufficient interchangeability” of two bottles of wine from two distilleries due to differences in the sourdough strain , weather conditions and year of harvest, than to recognize the β€œsufficient interchangeability” of two bottles of soda with the same flavor produced in two different plants, because they contain the same flavoring, the properties of which are identical in both plants.

Medicines such as the European Medicines Agency for Europe (EMA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States, and Canada’s Department of Health and Food have developed their own guidelines that require verification of the similarity of the two biologicals in terms of safety and efficiency. In accordance with these guidelines, the biological product is bio-analogous to the reference drug, based on data obtained from (a) analytical studies confirming that the biological drug is highly similar to the reference drug, despite not insignificant differences in the clinically inactive components, (b) animal studies (including an assessment of toxicity) and (c) a clinical trial or studies (including an assessment of immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics). The data set should be sufficient to prove that there are no clinically significant differences between the biological product and the reference drug in terms of their safety, purity and activity with one or more relevant indications for which the use of the reference drug is permitted and for which it is planned to register bio-analogous drug.

For example, in the case of a drug containing monoclonal antibodies , like Remzima , an extensive determination of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the developed monoclonal antibody and its reference drug (Remicade) was carried out to confirm the high similarity of their properties. High structural similarity (up to the level of coincidence in the type of β€œfingerprints”) allows us to hope that the functional activity of the reproduced antibody will be the same as that of the reference preparation. However, since the current level of knowledge does not allow to fully predict what differences in structural characteristics (and they will always be, since even the original drug from series to series is slightly different in its structural and functional characteristics) will lead to clinically significant differences between the two drugs drugs, and a complex of biological tests, animal tests and clinical studies are carried out. Such studies in vitro (β€œin vitro”) or in vivo (in live animals or humans) are aimed at assessing the clinical significance of the differences identified by extensive analytical physicochemical tests. It is important to remember that clinical trials of biosimilars are not aimed at confirming the effectiveness and safety of a bio-analogous drug with a certain disease. The main goal of such studies is to confirm that the bioanalogue is as effective and safe as the original reference biological drug. [four]

For this reason, the development and approval of biosimilars is much slower. So, when compared with generic drugs, since 2006, when the new bio-analogy legislation came into force, only a small number of bio-analogs in the European Union have been granted permission to sell. As of May 2019, 54 bio-analogues have been approved in the EU. In the United States, as of May 2019, 19 bio-analogues have been approved. [5] However, the first approval in the USA took place only on March 6, 2015, when the FDA issued a permit for bio-analog filgrastim , called filgrastim-sndz (trade name Zarxio), of Sandoz.

Approval Processes

The EU regulators have created a special approval process to issue permits for subsequent versions of previously approved biologics, calling them β€œsimilar biological drugs” or bioanalogs. The procedure is based on scrupulous confirmation of the "comparability" of a "similar" drug with respect to an existing approved drug. [6] In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognized the need for new legislation in order to be able to approve bio-analogues of biologics originally approved under the Health Services Act. [7] Additional hearings were held in Congress. [8] On March 17, 2009, the House of Representatives launched an initiative to enact the Bioanalogue Act. [2] See the Library of Congress website , search for β€œHR 1548” in the 111th session of Congress. Since 2004, the FDA has held a series of public meetings on bio-analogs. [9] [10]

The FDA has received the authority to approve bio-analogues (including interchangeable biologics that can be replaced by an appropriate reference drug) under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , signed by U.S. President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010.

The FDA had previously approved biological products based on their comparability, for example, Omnitrope was approved in May 2006, but like sodium enoxaparin , it was the reference drug Genotropin , originally approved as a biological drug under the Federal Law on Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. [eleven]

March 6, 2015 Zarxio became the first bio- analog approved by the FDA. [12] Sandoz Zarxio is a biosimilar to Amgen's Neupogen (filgrastim) drug, which in turn was originally registered in 1991. It was the first drug to receive approval under the 2009 Price Competition and Biological Product Innovation Act (Law on TsKIB), adopted as part of the Affordable Health Care Act. However, as the FDA notes, Zarxio has been approved as a bio-analogue, not an interchangeable drug. Moreover, according to the Law on TsKIB, only a biological product approved as β€œinterchangeable” can replace a reference drug without the intervention of a medical professional who has prescribed a reference drug. The FDA indicated that the approval by Zarxio was based on evidence including structural and functional characteristics, animal data, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data in humans, clinical immunogenicity data, and other clinical safety and efficacy data that confirmed Zarxio's bio-similarity to Neupogen.

References

Cloning of human genetic material and the development of in vitro-biological production systems have opened the door to the production of almost any biological substance based on recombinant DNA for the subsequent development of a drug. Monoclonal antibody technology in combination with recombinant DNA technology has paved the way for customized and targeted drugs. Gene and cell therapies are emerging as even newer approaches.

Recombinant therapeutic proteins have a complex structure: they consist of a long chain of amino acids, modified amino acids derivatized with carbohydrate residues, folded using complex mechanisms, thereby acquiring complex structures of high orders. Such proteins are produced by living cells (bacterial, yeast, animal, plant or human cell lines or insect cell lines, as well as transgenic plants or animals). The final characteristics of a drug containing a recombinant therapeutic protein are largely determined by the process of their preparation: the selected cell type, the development of a genetically modified cell for biosynthesis, the creation of a system of cell banks from a genetically modified clone, the growth of cells from a bank to obtain producer cells, and the biosynthesis process carried out cells by producers, the process of purification of the produced protein, the formulation of a therapeutic protein in a medicine.

After the patent for approved recombinant drugs (for example, insulin , human growth hormone , interferons , erythropoietin , monoclonal antibodies, etc.) expires, any other biotechnological company has the right to develop and market these biological products (called for this reason bio-analogues). Each biological product exhibits a certain degree of variability in its structural characteristics and impurity profile, even between different series of the same preparation, which is explained by the inevitable variability of the biological expression system and the production process. [13] The production process of any reference preparation undergoes numerous changes, and such changes in the production process (ranging from changes in the supplier of culture medium for cell culture to new cleaning methods or organization of production at new production sites) are subject to approval based on relevant data and, if necessary, on-site inspections by regulatory authorities (e.g. FDA). In contrast, in the case of bioanalogs, in addition to analytical tests, it is also necessary to conduct preclinical and clinical studies using the most sensitive experimental models to detect differences between the two drugs in terms of clinical pharmacokinetics (FC) and pharmacodynamics (PD), immunogenicity , safety and efficiencies that would be medically significant. These studies are aimed at confirming that, despite the structural and functional differences from the original drug, the bio-analogue is quite similar to the original drug in clinical characteristics (in terms of efficacy and safety profile in patients). At the same time, clinical trials of bio-analogues are not aimed at proving the effectiveness and safety of a bio-analogous drug in a certain disease. The main goal of such studies is to confirm that the bioanalogue is as effective and safe as the original reference biological drug. [four]

The current concept for the development of bio-analogous monoclonal antibodies is based on the principle of extensive physico-chemical analytical and functional comparison of molecules, which is supplemented by comparative preclinical and clinical data, which allows to establish equivalent efficacy and safety with a β€œmodel” indication for use, which is the most sensitive in terms of detecting any minor differences (exist) between the bio-analogous and the corresponding reference monoclonal ant bodies at the clinical level.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) of the European Union recognizes this fact, which pushed the agency to create the concept of β€œbioanalog”, to emphasize that although bioanalogical drugs are similar to the original drug, they are still not an exact copy of the latter. [14] Each biological product exhibits a certain degree of variability. At the same time, if it is possible to prove the comparability of the bioanalogue and the reference drug in structure and function, pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacodynamic effects and (or) in effectiveness, it can also be expected that undesirable drug reactions due to excessive pharmacological effects will have a similar frequency of occurrence.

Initially, the complexity of biological molecules entailed the need to provide extensive data on the safety and effectiveness of the bioanalogue for its approval. Gradually, instead of them, they began to rely more and more on tests (from pharmaceuticals to clinical ones) with analytical sensitivity sufficient to detect any significant differences in dose. [15] This is explained by the ever-increasing achievements of science and technology, which improve our understanding of the relationship between the structure of macromolecular complexes and their variations on the one hand and the functions defined by such structures on the other. At the same time, the safe use of biological products depends on the informed and correct use by medical professionals and patients, since biomolecules are more sensitive to external conditions, for example, to light, do not withstand shaking, and are selective with respect to systems for introduction into the body. The introduction of bio-analogs also requires a specially prepared pharmacovigilance plan, which provides for active post-registration monitoring of the safety of their use in real conditions. It is technically difficult and economically costly to recreate biological products, since complex proteins are synthesized by living organisms that have undergone genetic modification. In contrast, low molecular weight drugs made from a chemically synthesized compound can be easily repeated and reproduced at significantly lower cost. In order for bioanalogs to reach patients, it is necessary, based on a set of data on clinical, preclinical, functional analytical and conformational characteristics, to prove that they are as identical as possible to the original innovative biological product. [16] [17]

As a rule, after the FDA has launched a drug on the market, its safety and effectiveness must be reassessed every six months in the first two years of sale. Subsequently, reevaluation is carried out on an annual basis, and the results of the assessment are to be reported to regulatory authorities such as the FDA. Unlike generics, the pharmacovigilance of bioanalogs in terms of its degree of rigor complies with the requirements for pharmacovigilance of a reference drug (this significantly distinguishes pharmacovigilance of bioanalogs from pharmacovigilance of generics, which is quite simple and generally focuses on the situation with post-registration safety of the original low molecular weight drug). Thus, the application for the registration of bio-analogues approved by the EMA under a centralized procedure must contain a risk management plan (RMP), and permit holders for their sale must provide regular updated safety reports after the drug is released to the market. [18] ПУР содСрТит характСристику профиля бСзопасности лСкарства, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ рисков Π΅Π³ΠΎ примСнСния, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… исслСдований, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ эффСктивности ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ рисков.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ряд ЀК-исслСдований, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ исслСдований, ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ лСкарствСнным ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ для мСдицинского примСнСния (ΠšΠœΠ›ΠŸ) EMA, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… состояниях: Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° Π² сравнСнии с Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°, комбинированная тСрапия Π² сравнСнии с ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ заболСвания ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄. Π² цСлях Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ фармакокинСтичСской сопоставимости Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ лСкарствСнному ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ Π½Π° достаточно Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ популяции. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ссли ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎ структурС ΠΈ функциям, фармакокинСтичСским профилям ΠΈ фармакодинамичСским эффСктам ΠΈ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ) ΠΏΠΎ эффСктивности, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ лСкарствСнныС, обусловлСнныС ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ фармакологичСскими эффСктами, Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΡ…ΠΎΠΆΡƒΡŽ частоту возникновСния.

ΠžΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π² Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΡΠΎΡŽΠ·Π΅

По ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΉ 2019 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ЕвропСйская комиссия ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ экспСртизы EMA ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 54 Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°. ΠžΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… вСщСств: Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±, Π±Π΅Π²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±, инфликсимаб, ритуксимаб, трастузумаб, этанСрцСпт; эпоэтины Π°Π»ΡŒΡ„Π° ΠΈ Π·Π΅Ρ‚Π°; филграстим ΠΈ пэгфилграстим; эноксапарин натрия; Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΄; Ρ„ΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ½ Π°Π»ΡŒΡ„Π°; инсулин Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ ΠΈ инсулин Π³Π»Π°Ρ€Π³ΠΈΠ½; соматропин. [nineteen]

Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π¨Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ АмСрики

Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ Π¦ΠšΠ˜Π‘

Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ инновациях Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ 2009 Π³. (Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ Π¦ΠšΠ˜Π‘) Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ проспонсирован ΠΈ внСсСн Π½Π° рассмотрСниС 26 июня 2007 Π³. сСнатором Π’Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌ КСннСди (Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠœΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ‡ΡƒΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΠ°). ΠžΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ принят Π² составС Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ доступной ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ , подписанного ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Обамой 23 ΠΌΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Π° 2010 Π³. Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ Π¦ΠšΠ˜Π‘ внСс измСнСния Π² Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ слуТбС здравоохранСния (Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ Π‘Π—Πž), создав сокращСнный ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ одобрСния биологичСских ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ… свой Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ (Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ) ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ АдминистрациСй ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌ питания ΠΈ лСкарствам (FDA) биологичСскому ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ. ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ Π¦ΠšΠ˜Π‘ схоТ с Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ восстановлСнии сроков дСйствия ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° лСкарства ΠΎΡ‚ 1984 Π³. (Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π₯этча-Ваксмана), ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ создал Π² составС Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ… питания, лСкарствах ΠΈ космСтикС (FD&CA) ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ одобрСния воспроизвСдСнных лСкарств. Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ Π¦ΠšΠ˜Π‘ согласуСтся с ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ FDA, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠΈ рСгулятору ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π° ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ извСстныС ΠΎ лСкарствС свСдСния, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ самым экономя врСмя ΠΈ рСсурсы ΠΈ избСгая Π½Π΅Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ дублирования испытаний Π½Π° Π»ΡŽΠ΄ΡΡ… ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ…. По ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΉ 2019 FDA Π² ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ слоТности выпустила 8 мСтодичСских Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… приняты Π² ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ β€” Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². [20]

Π’ 2018 Π³. FDA Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»Π° План Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ для исполнСния ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎ Π¦ΠšΠ˜Π‘, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ злоупотрСблСния систСмой Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ослаблСния рисков (REMS; амСриканский Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ для обозначСния Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡ€Π°) Π² цСлях «озСлСнСния» , Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² инсулина ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° роста Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² качСствС Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΈ лСкарств. [21]

Π˜ΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…

Π˜ΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ элСмСнтом ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, внСсСнной Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ доступной ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ². Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ срок ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ FDA ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ сроком ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ сокращСнного досьС Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π˜ΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρƒ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, дорогостоящСго ΠΈ рискованного процСсса Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ, Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ для получСния Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ FDA Π½Π° Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ лСкарства Π½Π° Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΠΊ. Π‘Ρ€ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ для Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². НСкоторыС прСдлоТСния ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² послСдних Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 14 Π»Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ доступной ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅ прСдоставляСт 12-Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΡŽΡŽ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρƒ с ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° одобрСния FDA. [22] Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ срок ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ для компСнсации ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… нСдостатков ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². Π˜ΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… исчисляСтся со дня одобрСния ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом срок ΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ с Π»ΡŽΠ±Ρ‹ΠΌ остаточным сроком ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… прСдоставляСт ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Ρƒ, Ссли остаточный срок дСйствия ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ срок ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ одобрСния (Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ мСсто вслСдствиС Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… доклиничСских ΠΈ клиничСских изысканий, Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… для получСния одобрСния FDA), ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ссли условия ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ истСчСния срока дСйствия ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°.

Nomenclature

ВсСмирная организация здравоохранСния (Π’ΠžΠ—) ΠΈ FDA нСсколько Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ Π½Π°Π΄ присвоСниСм нСкоммСрчСских Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ. Π’ январС 2017 Π³. FDA ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° указания для отрасли ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ вопросу. [23] Если Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡŽΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, руководство прСдусматриваСт присвоСниС Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Π±ΡƒΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ суффикса нСкоммСрчСскому названию ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ лСкарства ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ собой ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΡ‚ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ². ВмСстС с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π’ΠžΠ—, мотивируя своС Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² нСкоммСрчСскиС названия Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ позволяли Π±Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, систСма присвоСния МНН Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ отличаСтся ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ лСкарств Π½Π° основС низкомолСкулярных Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… вСщСств.

Π‘ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² БША [24]

Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° одобрСния FDAΠ‘ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚
ΠΌΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ 2015 Π³.филграстим-sndz/ Zarxioфилграстим/ Neupogen
Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»ΡŒ 2016 Π³.инфликсимаб-dyyb/ Inflectraинфликсимаб/ Remicade
август 2016 Π³.этанСрцСпт-szzs/ ErelziэтанСрцСпт/ Enbrel
ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΡΠ±Ρ€ΡŒ 2016 Π³.Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±-atto/ AmjevitaΠ°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±/ Humira
ΠΌΠ°ΠΉ 2017 Π³.инфликсимаб-abda/ Renflexisинфликсимаб/ Remicade
август 2017 Π³.Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±-adbm/ CyltezoΠ°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±/ Humira
ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΡΠ±Ρ€ΡŒ 2017 Π³.Π±Π΅Π²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±-awwb/ MvasiΠ±Π΅Π²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±/ Avastin
Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±Ρ€ΡŒ 2017 Π³.трастузумаб-dkst/ Ogivriтрастузумаб/ Herceptin
Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±Ρ€ΡŒ 2017 Π³.инфликсимаб-qbtx/ Ixifiинфликсимаб/ Remicade
ΠΌΠ°ΠΉ 2018 Π³.эпоэтин Π°Π»ΡŒΡ„Π°-epbx/ Retacritэпоэтин Π°Π»ΡŒΡ„Π°/ Procrit
июнь 2018 Π³.пэгфилграстим-jmdb/ Fulphilaпэгфилграстим/ Neulasta
июль 2018 Π³.филграстим-aafi/ Nivestymфилграстим/ Neupogen
ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΡΠ±Ρ€ΡŒ 2018 Π³.Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±-adaz/ HyrimozΠ°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ°Π±/ Humira
Π½ΠΎΡΠ±Ρ€ΡŒ 2018 Π³.пэгфилграстим-cbqv/ Udenycaпэгфилграстим/ Neulasta
Π½ΠΎΡΠ±Ρ€ΡŒ 2018 Π³.ритуксимаб-abbs/Truximaритуксимаб/ Rituxan
Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±Ρ€ΡŒ 2018 Π³.трастузумаб-pkrb/ Herzumaтрастузумаб/ Herceptin
ΡΠ½Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŒ 2019 Π³.трастузумаб-dttb/ Ontruzantтрастузумаб/ Herceptin
ΠΌΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ 2019 Π³.трастузумаб-qyyp/ Trazimeraтрастузумаб/ Herceptin
Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»ΡŒ 2019 Π³.этанСрцСпт-ykro/ EticovoэтанСрцСпт/ Enbrel

По Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ с ΠžΡ€Π°Π½ΠΆΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Β«ΠžΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ лСкарствСнныС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ с ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡ… тСрапСвтичСской эквивалСнтности»), содСрТащСй ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ зарСгистрированных FDA лСкарствСнных ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡ… тСрапСвтичСской эквивалСнтности/взаимозамСняСмости ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ вСдомством Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ с 1980 Π³., начиная с 2015 Π³. FDA Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΠŸΡƒΡ€ΠΏΡƒΡ€Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρƒ. [25] ΠŸΡƒΡ€ΠΏΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°, ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ называСмая Β«ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… биологичСских ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ биоаналогичности ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ взаимозамСняСмости», прСдставляСт собой Π΄Π²Π° пСрСчня, Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ‹Ρ… двумя Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ FDA, ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²: Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ экспСртизы ΠΈ изучСния лСкарств (CDER) ΠΈ Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ экспСртизы ΠΈ изучСния Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² (CDER). [26] ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π° экспСртизы ΠΈ изучСния лСкарств содСрТит Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ тСрапСвтичСскиС Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹, входящиС Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡŽΡ€ΠΈΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ. [27] ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π° экспСртизы ΠΈ изучСния Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² содСрТит Π²Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹, анатоксины, Π°Π»Π»Π΅Ρ€Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‹, Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ‹ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, Π°Π»ΡŒΠ±ΡƒΠΌΠΈΠ½, Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ свСртывания ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ III, ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ C1-эстСразы, Ρ„ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹), Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈ иммуносыворотки, гСнотСрапСвтичСскиС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹, Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠΌ. [28]

Π’Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ

НаиболСС понятноС ΠΈ простоС ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ взаимозамСняСмости Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² содСрТится Π² амСриканском Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎ слуТбС здравоохранСния, сСкция 351(i)(3) ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ устанавливаСт, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ мСсто, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° "биологичСским ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ Π±Π΅Π· Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° мСдицинского Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚". ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом сСкция 351(k)(4) Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° содСрТит Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎ-рСгуляторныС стандарты взаимозамСняСмости ΠΈ закрСпляСт, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ взаимозамСняСм с Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ биологичСским ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ссли ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΆΠ΅ клиничСскому Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ Ρƒ любого рассматриваСмого ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² случаС биологичСского ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Ρƒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ, риск с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния бСзопасности ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ сниТСнной эффСктивности Π² связи с Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ примСнСния Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ с ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ риск примСнСния Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° Π±Π΅Π· Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ чСрСдования ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. [29] Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° БША ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ сначала ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ биоаналогичности, Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ β€” с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комплСкса исслСдований β€” взаимозамСняСмости Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° с Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ.

Администрация ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌ питания ΠΈ лСкарствам (FDA) Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° подтвСрТдСния взаимозамСняСмости Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° с ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Π΅ΠΌΡƒ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ биологичСским ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, прСдусматривая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ исслСдования (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… исслСдований) ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ FDA Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½ прСдставляСт собой исслСдованиС со Π²ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ с ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ…, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ прСдусматриваСт ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ взаимозамСняСмым ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ (Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ), Π° другая остаСтся Π² качСствС Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ (Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ). [thirty]

ЕвропСйская ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ рСгулирования лСкарств (EMRN) [31] , ΠΊΡƒΠ΄Π° входят ЕвропСйскоС агСнтство ΠΏΠΎ лСкарствам (EMA), Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡƒΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Ρ‹ государств β€” Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΡΠΎΡŽΠ·Π°, ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Еврокомиссии, EDQM ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄., Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния чСрСдования примСнСния Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π½Π΅ опрСдСляСт. Π’ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ руководствС EMA ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ «АналогичныС биологичСскиС лСкарствСнныС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Β» ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ: «ЭкспСртиза Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… лСкарств Π² рСгистрационных цСлях, проводимая EMA, Π½Π΅ прСдусматриваСт прСдоставлСния Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ взаимозамСняСмости Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° с Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ лСкарством. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° замСщСния находится Π² Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ государств β€” Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π•Π‘Β». [14] ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ EMA подспудно ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ останавливаСтся Π½Π° вопросах чСрСдования ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Государства β€” Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π•Π‘ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ собствСнных Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… руководств, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ содСрТали Π±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ взаимозамСняСмости с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ чСрСдования.

Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ЕвропСйском союзС удСляСтся пострСгистрационному наблюдСнию Π·Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ. FDA Π² своСм Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹ косвСнно ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ этот ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄, указывая, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Β«ΠΌΡ‹, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ пострСгистрационныС Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ позволят ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ достаточныС свСдСния, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ влияния Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ (ЀК) ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡƒ (Π€Π”) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ примСнСния ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ взаимозамСняСмого ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅, ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°ΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ мнСнию, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌΠΈ исслСдуСмыми ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² исслСдованиях ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡβ€¦Β», Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом Β«Π² ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ситуациях Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ пострСгистра Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ наблюдСния ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ спланированному исслСдованию ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ для снятия нСопрСдСлСнности ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ подтвСрТдСния взаимозамСняСмости ΠΈ пополнСния совокупности Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π² для обоснования подтвСрТдСния взаимозамСняСмости». [thirty]

Π Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ вопросы

 
ΠŸΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Ρ‹Π² 2012–2019 Π³Π³. [32] Π‘Ρ€ΠΎΠΊ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ истСчСния ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° дСсяти самых ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² 2011 Π³. *Π­Π½Π±Ρ€Π΅Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ 1995 Π³., Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ дСйствия Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ 17 Π»Π΅Ρ‚.

Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ трСбования ΠΊ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π½Π° Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΠΊ вмСстС с дорогостоящими процСссами производства Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π²Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ… расходы Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²: Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ 75–250 ΠΌΠ»Π½. Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π». БША. [32] Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€ для Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΠΊ влияСт Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ…, Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ доступности Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… Π°Π»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ² для ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ здравоохранСния, ΡΡƒΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ своих ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². Π”Π°ΠΆΠ΅ нСсмотря Π½Π° рост Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ², сниТСниС Ρ†Π΅Π½ Π½Π° биологичСскиС лСкарства с ΠΈΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ для Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… воспроизвСдСнных лСкарств; ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ расчСтам Ρ†Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ лишь Π½Π° 15–35 % Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. [32] Π‘ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° Π² связи с Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π½Π΅Ρ‚ риску ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 36 % 140-ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°Ρ€Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π». БША) Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° биологичСских лСкарств (ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π° 2011 Π³.); это Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Ссли Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ 10 самых ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². [32]

Π“Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π² 2013 Π³. составил 1,3 ΠΌΠ»Ρ€Π΄. Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π». БША с ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ ростом Π΄ΠΎ 35 ΠΌΠ»Ρ€Π΄. Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π». БША Π² 2020 Π³., ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ обСспСчСн истСчСниСм дСйствия ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ 10 Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²-блокбастСров. [33]

Links

  1. ↑ Blanchard, A., Helene D'Iorio and Robert Ford. "What you need to know to succeed: Key trends in Canada's biotech industry " Insights, spring 2010
  2. ↑ 1 2 Nick, C. The US Biosimilars Act: Challenges Facing Regulatory Approval (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Pharm Med : journal. - 2012. - Vol. 26 , no. 3 . β€” P. 145β€”152 . β€” DOI : 10.1007/bf03262388 . Архивировано 16 января 2013 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  3. ↑ Lamanna, William C.; Holzmann, Johann; Cohen, Hillel P.; Guo, Xinghua; Schweigler, Monika; Stangler, Thomas; Seidl, Andreas; Schiestl, Martin. Maintaining consistent quality and clinical performance of biopharmaceuticals (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy : journal. β€” 2018. β€” 10 January ( vol. 18 , no. 4 ). β€” P. 369β€”379 . β€” ISSN 1744-7682 . β€” DOI : 10.1080/14712598.2018.1421169 . β€” PMID 29285958 .
  4. ↑ 1 2 Scientific Considerations in Demonstrating Biosimilarity to a Reference Product (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . www.fda.gov .
  5. ↑ Biosimilar Approval Status in the US: FDA Filing Dates and Actions (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . Biosimilars Review & Report (26 Arpil 2019).
  6. ↑ EMEA Guideline on Similar Biological Medicinal Products, CHMP/437/04 London, 30 October 2005 (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) .
  7. ↑ US Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Testimony of Dr. Lester Crawford, Acting Commissioner, FDA June 23, 2004 (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) .
  8. ↑ Hearing: Assessing the Impact of a Safe and Equitable Biosimilar Policy in the United States. Subcommittee on Health Wednesday, May 2, 2007 Архивировано 22 сСнтября 2007 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  9. ↑ FDA page on "Follow-On Protein Products: Regulatory and Scientific Issues Related to Developing" (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) .
  10. ↑ FDA page on "Approval Pathway for Biosimilar and Interchangeable Biological Products Public Meeting" (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) .
  11. ↑ FDA Response to three Citizen Petitions against biosimilars (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) .
  12. ↑ FDA page on "FDA approves first biosimilar product Zarxio" (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) .
  13. ↑ Martina Weise. Biosimilars: the science of extrapolation (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Blood . - American Society of Hematology , 2014. β€” 8 October ( vol. 124 , no. 22 ). β€” P. 3191β€”3196 . β€” DOI : 10.1182/blood-2014-06-583617 . β€” PMID 25298038 .
  14. ↑ 1 2 EMA guideline on similar biological medicinal products Архивировано 23 октября 2014 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  15. ↑ Warren, JB Generics, chemisimilars and biosimilars: is clinical testing fit for purpose? (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Br J Clin Pharmacol : journal. - 2013 .-- Vol. 75 , no. 1 . β€” P. 7β€”14 . β€” DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04323.x . β€” PMID 22574725 .
  16. ↑ Wang, X. Higher-Order Structure Comparability: Case Studies of Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // BioProcess International : journal. β€” 2014. β€” 1 June ( vol. 12 , no. 6 ). β€” P. 32β€”37 .
  17. ↑ Declerck PJ Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies: a science-based regulatory challenge (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Expert Opin Biol Ther : journal. β€” 2013. β€” February ( vol. 13 , no. 2 ). β€” P. 153β€”156 . β€” DOI : 10.1517/14712598.2012.758710 . β€” PMID 23286777 .
  18. ↑ EMA guideline on similar biological medicinal products containing biotechnology-derived proteins as active substance: non-clinical and clinical issues Архивировано 18 дСкабря 2014 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  19. ↑ Biosimilars approved in the EU (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . European Medicines Agency. Circulation date May 19, 2019.
  20. ↑ All Guidances for Drugs; search for 'biosimilars' (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) .
  21. ↑ Commissioner, Office of the Press Announcements - Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, MD, on new actions advancing the agency's biosimilars policy framework (Π°Π½Π³Π».) . www.fda.gov . Circulation date May 19, 2019.
  22. ↑ 42 US Code Β§ 262 - Regulation of biological products (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . LII / Legal Information Institute .
  23. ↑ US Food and Drug Administration | Nonproprietary Naming of Biological Products; Guidance for Industry (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) (17 мая 2019). Circulation date May 17, 2019.
  24. ↑ Biosimilar Product Information - FDA-Approved Biosimilar Products (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . www.fda.gov .
  25. ↑ Background Information: Lists of Licensed Biological Products with Reference Product Exclusivity and Biosimilarity or Interchangeability Evaluations (Purple Book) (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . www.fda.gov .
  26. ↑ Purple Book: Lists of Licensed Biological Products with Reference Product Exclusivity and Biosimilarity or Interchangeability Evaluations (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . www.fda.gov .
  27. ↑ CDER List of Licensed Biological Products: List of Licensed Biological Products with (1) Reference Product Exclusivity and (2) Biosimilarity or Interchangeability Evaluations to Date (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . www.fda.gov .
  28. ↑ CBER List of Licensed Biological Products: List of Licensed Biological Products with (1) Reference Product Exclusivity and (2) Biosimilarity or Interchangeability Evaluations to Date (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . www.fda.gov .
  29. ↑ 42 USC Chapter 6A, Subchapter II: General Powers and Duties, Part Fβ€”Licensing of Biological Products and Clinical Laboratories, subpart 1β€”biological products, Β§262. Regulation of biological products (42 USC Β§262(k)(4)) (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . www.fda.gov .
  30. ↑ 1 2 Considerations in Demonstrating Interchangeability With a Reference Product Guidance for Industry (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . www.fda.gov .
  31. ↑ European medicines regulatory network (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . www.ema.europa.eu .
  32. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Calo-FernΓ‘ndez B., MartΓ­nez-Hurtado J. Biosimilars: Company Strategies to Capture Value from the Biologics Market (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Pharmaceuticals : journal. β€” 2012. β€” December ( vol. 5 , no. 12 ). β€” P. 1393β€”1408 . β€” DOI : 10.3390/ph5121393 . β€” PMID 24281342 .
  33. ↑ Biosimilars and Follow-on-Biologics Market to Hit $35 Billion Globally by 2020 (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . Pharmaceutical Technology (28 августа 2015).

Additional materials

  • Ниязов, Равиль Π .; РоТдСствСнский, Π”ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ А.; Π’Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ΅Π², АндрСй Н.; Π“Π°Π²Ρ€ΠΈΡˆΠΈΠ½Π°, Π•Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π’.; Π”Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹Π½Π°, ΠœΠ°Ρ€Π³Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π° А.; ΠšΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π², Π”ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ А. РСгуляторныС аспСкты рСгистрации воспроизвСдСнных ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… лСкарствСнных ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² Евразийском экономичСском coюзС (рус.) // Π–ΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π» Β«Π Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡƒΠΌΒ» : ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π». β€” 2018. β€” Π‘Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΡΠ±Ρ€ΡŒ ( Ρ‚. 17 , β„– 7β€”8 ). β€” Π‘. 6β€”19 . β€” DOI : 10.21518/1561-5936-2018-7-8-6-19 . β€” PMID 26678619 .  
  • БиологичСскиС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ (рус.) . Pharmaceutical Education and Development (PhED) (3 октября 2016). Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 18 мая 2019.
  • Udpa, Natasha; Million, Ryan P. Monoclonal antibody biosimilars (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Nature Reviews Drug Discovery : journal. β€” 2015. β€” 18 December ( vol. 15 , no. 1 ). β€” P. 13β€”4 . β€” DOI : 10.1038/nrd.2015.12 . β€” PMID 26678619 .  
  • Jelkmann, Wolfgang. Biosimilar epoetins and other "follow-on" biologics: update on the European experiences (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // American Journal of Hematology : journal. - 2010 .-- Vol. 85 , no. 10 . β€” P. 771β€”780 . β€” DOI : 10.1002/ajh.21805 . β€” PMID 20706990 .
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  • "ΠŸΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° провСдСния исслСдований биологичСских лСкарствСнных срСдств Евразийского экономичСского союза" . Π£Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‚Π° Евразийской экономичСской комиссии ΠΎΡ‚ 3 ноября 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° β„– 89
Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊ β€” https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π‘ΠΈΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³&oldid=101174864


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