Hissar Rebellion or Hissar Vilayet ( Uzbek. Hisor bekligi / Hisor viloyati ; Taj. Bekigarii Kisor ) is an administrative unit within the Bukhara emirate , in the territory of modern Tajikistan . The administrative center was Hissar .
| Hissar bekstva | |
|---|---|
| Uzbek Hisor bekligi / Hisor viloyati Taj. Bekigarii Ҳisor | |
 | |
| A country |  Bukhara emirate |
| Adm. Centre | Hissar |
| History and Geography | |
| Date of Abolition | 1920 |
Due to its geographical position, the Hissar beking was of primary importance among other beks of Eastern Bukhara [1] .
Content
Geography
In the north, the border of becki was in contact with the Turkestan governor-general , in the east - with Karategin , in the southeast - Baljuansky , in the south - with Kurgan-Tyubinsky , in the west - with Denausky beks [2] .
According to the number of settlements, the first place among the southeastern regions of modern Tajikistan and the Western Pamirs belonged to the Gissar Valley [3] .
History
Until the second half of the 19th century, a characteristic feature of the history of the main feudal estates of the southeastern regions of modern Tajikistan and the Pamirs was that they managed to maintain their semi-independence until the 70-80s of the 19th century by repeated attacks by the Bukhara , Kokand and Kunduz - Badakhshan rulers. They were finally subordinated to neighboring states when, in contrast to Russian tsarism, the influence of the British colonialists in the Emirate of Afghanistan significantly strengthened [4] .
Until the second half of the 19th century, the most prominent pretenders to the role of rulers of the southeastern regions of modern Tajikistan were representatives of large feudal lords of the Hissar Beks, who, relying on the help and support of the Beks of Shakhrisabz and Kitab , at times defended their independence from the repeated armed seizures of the Bukhara emirate. At the same time, they tried to subjugate the owners of other smaller beks [5] .
The Bukhara rulers repeatedly attacked the Hissar Valley. The submission of the Hissar beksty by the Bukhara emirate was not constant. As soon as the emirate weakened, then beck became independent [4] . Only with the full help and support of the Russian Empire did the Bukhara emir manage to completely subjugate the main regions of southeastern Tajikistan, which later became known as Eastern Bukhara [4] .
After the final submission of beqi, as a rule, the post of the Hissar bek was occupied by persons from among the top officials closest to the Bukhara emir. The most typical figure among them was Astanakul-bek-biy , the uncle of the emir Seyid Abdulakhad-khan , who ruled Gissar in 1886-1906 [6] .
Population
In terms of population density, the first place among the southeastern regions of modern Tajikistan and the Western Pamirs belonged to the Gissar Valley. The population of the Karatag-Daria valley of the Hissar bekst was not distributed evenly [3] .
According to the far from complete data of N. N. Pokotilo, by the time of his accession to the Bukhara emirate, there were approximately 180 thousand people in the Gissar bekst. However, these data were significantly underestimated. General Staff Officer Captain G. G. Lilienthal reported that “this number was significantly lower than reality” [3] .
The highest population density was in Dushanbe amlyakdarstvo , as well as in the area between the rivers Kafirnigan and Vakhsh , in the Lakai, Sultanrabad, Gazimalik and Shurion amdakstars [3] .
There were more Tajiks in the Gissar Valley, and besides, Uzbeks lived there [7] .
Culture
Economics
The Hissar Valley was the economic center of Eastern Bukhara [1] .
There were three forms of feudal rent-tax: mining, food, and monetary, although the latter was mainly distributed in the Hissar beck from the beks of Eastern Bukhara [8] .
Production
Iron ore was mined in the Gissar Valley [1] .
Agriculture
The Hissar Valley was notable for its developed agriculture. Among cultivated crops, rice occupied an important place [1] . On this occasion, an English traveler and researcher who participated in the Great Game , Lieutenant Burns wrote: “The Hissar is well irrigated and produces a lot of rice” [9] .
In becky, along with amlyak, mulk and waqf lands, there was public use of wastelands and pastures [10] .
The western part of Karategin, located in the upper Ob-Garm River, was mainly used as a summer for cattle breeding in the Hissar Territory [11] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 15.
- ↑ Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 15-16.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 20.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 163.
- ↑ Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 161-162.
- ↑ Iskandarov, 1963 , p. 14.
- ↑ Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 28.
- ↑ Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 100.
- ↑ Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 42.
- ↑ Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 88.
- ↑ Iskandarov, 1962 , p. 23.
Literature
- Iskandarov B.I. I // Eastern Bukhara and the Pamirs in the second half of the 19th century / Radjabov S. A. .. - Dushanbe: Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, 1962. - 357 p.
- Iskandarov B.I. II // Eastern Bukhara and the Pamirs in the second half of the 19th century / Radjabov S. A. .. - Dushanbe: Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, 1963. - 352 p.