escudo cape verde
Escudo ( Spanish and port. escudo ) - Spanish and Portuguese gold coins of the XV — XVIII centuries, as well as the monetary unit of a number of countries in the XIX — XX centuries. It is currently the name of the national currency of Cape Verde - the escudo of Cape Verde .
Content
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Coins of the XV — XVIII centuries
- 3 Currencies of the XIX — XX centuries
- 4 notes
- 5 Literature
Etymology
Translated from Spanish and Portuguese, escudo means “ shield ”, “ coat of arms ”, “ coat of arms ” (from lat. Scutum ), which was a traditional design element for almost all coins bearing this name [1] [2] . Related escudo (from the point of view of origin and meaning) words are called coins: Italian scudo ( Italian scudo ) and French ecu ( French ecu from Old French escu ), which also come from lat. scutum [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .
In Russian, the word “escudo” can be used both in the middle gender and in the masculine [8] .
- Heraldic shields on coins of Spain, Portugal, Italy and France.
Spanish eight escudos ( quadruple , double doubloon ) of the late XVIII century
Portuguese 25 escudos of the late 20th century
Scudo of the Papal region of the first half of the 18th century
French ecu at the end of the 15th century
Coins of the 15th — 18th centuries
In modern times, gold escudos were issued by Spain and Portugal [1] [2] :
- Spanish golden escudo (XVI — XVIII century with a pure gold content of 3.03-3.09 g), including:
- ½ escudo, called “ escudillo ” ( Spanish: escudillo - small shield) [9] [10] ;
- 2-fold escudo, the Spanish doubloon ( Spanish doblón ), which received the international name " pistol " [11] . In the Italian states they received the name doppia [12] ;
- 4-fold - “doubloon de cuatro” ( Spanish: doblón de a cuatro ), “ doubloon ” [13] ;
- 8-fold - “doubloon de ocho” ( Spanish doblón de a ocho ), international name - “ quadruple ” [13] ;
- Portuguese golden escudo (XV and XVIII century with a pure gold content of 3.28-3.43 g).
Currencies of the 19th — 20th centuries
In the XIX-XX centuries, the name "escudo" were the following currencies:
- Spanish escudo (1864-1868), replaced by a peseta ;
- Filipino escudo (1870-1871);
- Portuguese escudo (1911-2002), replaced by the euro ;
- Chilean escudo (1960-1975), replaced by peso .
In addition, there were varieties of overseas escudos :
- Angolan escudo (1914-1928 and 1958-1977; in 1928-1958 - was called Angolar );
- Timorese escudos ;
- Escudo of Portuguese Guinea ;
- Mozambique escudo ;
- Cape Verde Islands Escudo ;
- Escudo of Portuguese India ;
- Escudo Sao Tome and Principe .
Their course was pegged in a 1: 1 ratio to Portuguese escudos .
The only currency in circulation today called the Escudo is the Cape Verde Escudo , which replaced the Cape Verde Islands escudo in 1977.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 CH, 1993 , Article “ Escudo ”.
- ↑ 1 2 NS, 1980 , Article “ Escudo ”.
- ↑ CH, 1993 , Scudo , Ecu .
- ↑ NS, 1980 , Scudo , Ecu Articles.
- ↑ Free Dictionary, 2011 , Article by Écu .
- ↑ OED, 2001-11 , Ecu article.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster, 2011 , Ecu .
- ↑ Gramota.ru, 2000-12 , Request for Escudo .
- ↑ CH, 1993 , Article “ Escudillo ”.
- ↑ National Assembly, 1980 , “ Escudillo ” Article.
- ↑ NS, 1980 , Article “ Pistol ”.
- ↑ National Assembly, 1980 , Doppia .
- ↑ 1 2 CH, 1993 , Article “ Doubloon ”.
Literature
- Escudo // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- The Free Dictionary . - Farlex, 2011.
- Harper D. Online Etymology Dictionary . - Lancaster, 2001-11.
- Merriam-Webster . - Springfield: Merriam-Webster Inc., 2011.
- Literacy.ru. Reference and information portal . - Electronic edition. - Literacy.ru, 2000-12.
- Numismatic Dictionary / [Author: Zvarich V.V. ]. - 4th ed. / Publ. Dictionary of numismatists. Description of coins . - Lviv, 1980. - ISBN 5-256-00317-8 .
- Dictionary of numismatists / [Authors: Fengler H., Girow G., Unger V.] / Per. with him. M. G. Arsenyeva / Resp. ed. V.M. Potin. - 2nd ed., Revised. and add. / Publ. Dictionary of numismatists. Description of coins . - M .: Radio and communications, 1993. - ISBN 5-256-00317-8 .