Makhrovskaya, Alexandra Viktorovna

The early years

She was born on December 8 (21), 1917 in the Petrograd province , in the village of Strugi Bely , now - the Pskov region, the village of Strugi Red. Her father, Viktor Gennadievich Makhrovsky, doctor of technical sciences, metrology scientist and artist, was originally from Saratov and came from the family of the rector of Holy Trinity Cathedral , Archpriest Gennady Ivanovich Makhrovsky. Mother - Alexandra Ivanovna Makhrovskaya - was born in St. Petersburg , graduated from high school, entered the Higher Commercial Courses , but did not work after the birth of her daughter ^[1] .

Makhrovskaya’s father studied at the Bogolyubovsky drawing school , then at Kazan University and the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg. Under his influence, Alexandra Makhrovskaya in 1936 , after graduating from high school, entered the architectural faculty of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (LIZSA) . In 1937, while studying at the Faculty of Architecture, Makhrovskaya entered the German branch of the correspondence institute of foreign languages ^[2] .

The study was interrupted by the war . The first siege winter, Alexander Makhrovskaya spent in besieged Leningrad . In July 1942, she, along with her parents and her little daughter, left for evacuation , and by 1943 she ended up in Samarkand , where during the war there was a large part of the I. Repin Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, whose student was Makhrovskaya. There Alexandra Viktorovna became close friends with her future husband Viktor Ilyich Kochedamov , later a prominent Soviet architect and scientist, a specialist in the history of architecture and urban planning of St. Petersburg, Siberia , Bukhara and Samarkand ^[3] .

Alexandra Makhrovskaya recalled this period in her essay on Victor Kochedamov, which was published in the collection “Architects on Architects. Leningrad Petersburg. XX century ":

The Makhrovsky family returned to Leningrad in 1944 , and in 1945 Alexandra Viktorovna defended her diploma project on the theme “Palace of Exhibitions in Leningrad” with honors in the workshop of Professor I. I. Fomin and received a diploma of an architect and artist. The correspondence institute of foreign languages ​​Makhrovskaya also graduated with a "red" diploma, having received the specialty of a translator ^[1] .

Beginning

The professional activity of Makhrovskaya-architect and urban planner began in Lengiprogor . At this point, a high-level town-planning school was formed at the institute, which was represented by architects V.P. Yakovlev, V.A. Gaykovich , D. D. Baragin, N. A. Solofnenko, Yu. M. Kilovatov . Under their leadership, Alexandra Makhrovskaya joined in the design of the central part of the city of Petrozavodsk . In 1947 , a project prepared with her participation and providing for not only restructuring, but also partial restoration of the historical center of Petrozavodsk, received the second prize at the All-Union Competition. Another achievement of Makhrovskaya was the project of the central part of Simferopol . It was then, in Lengiprogor, that Makhrovskaya showed a tendency to analyze the architectural and planning organization of cities and her desire to understand the “language” of urban space ^[2] .

In 1951, Alexandra Makhrovskaya entered the graduate school of the Leningrad branch of the Academy of Construction and Architecture of the USSR , and in 1955, under the guidance of Professor V. A. Vitman, she defended her thesis “Building and Planning of the Neva Embankments”. After the defense, she continued to work in the Leningrad branch of the Academy as a senior researcher . The object of her research was the formation of modern areas and microdistricts in large cities with historical buildings. During this period, Makhrovskaya wrote and published a number of scientific articles and monographs on the problems of reconstructing historical areas and creating a new comfortable living environment. Among them are the books “Leningrad. Planning and development 1947-1957 (Reconstruction of avenues and embankments) "," Suburban areas of large cities "," Progressive techniques for planning and building residential areas and microdistricts. Urban Planning ”and“ Residential District and Microdistrict ”, co-authored with a prominent Soviet urban planner, author of three General Plans of Leningrad, Alexander Naumov ^{[1] [5]} .

Work at the LenNIIII Urban Planning

Since 1964, Makhrovskaya has been the head of the city reconstruction department of the scientific department of the LenNIIIP urban development. In the 1960-1980s. The institute specialized in the design of new cities created on the basis of the development of natural resources in Kazakhstan , Siberia and the Far East , and the development of regulatory documents for the northern regions of the country regarding the resettlement, planning and development of cities, towns and shift camps . For this reason, the research activities of the department, headed by Alexandra Makhrovskaya, developed in two directions at once ^[6] .

On the one hand, the department was a leading unit for the development of republican building standards for the European North in terms of designing urban and rural settlements and civil and industrial facilities. A significant place in scientific research on this topic was given to the study of the historical and architectural heritage of small settlements of the Vologda Oblast and the Komi Republic . In particular, the concept of reconstruction of the central district of Syktyvkar was developed ^[2] .

At the same time, the Makhrovskaya department paid great attention to the research of urban development processes in Leningrad, and then St. Petersburg. Alexandra Viktorovna held the position of department head for more than thirty years - until 1997, and personally oversaw a number of topics and directions related to the practical reconstruction of the city’s historical areas and the protection of its cultural and architectural heritage ^[1] .

In a number of works, in particular, in the 1974 monograph “Reconstruction of old residential areas of large cities” Makhrovskaya repeatedly touched on the problem of observing high-altitude regulations and preserving the “sky line” ^[7] , which is relevant for St. Petersburg today:

As the head of the department of LenNIIIPgradostroitelstva, Makhrovskaya participated in the development of the “Experimental and Design Proposal for the Reconstruction of the Leninsky District in Leningrad”, the “Project for the Experimental Residential District of Vasilyevsky Island” , and the “Project for the Reconstruction of the Oktyabrsky District of Leningrad”. Aleksandra Viktorovna paid special attention to the reconstruction of the Leninsky district, as she planned to organize a demonstration quarter of experimental complex reconstruction there, however, this idea was not fully realized ^[2] .

In the article “Historical zones of St. Petersburg-Leningrad” Makhrovskaya wrote:

On the account of Makhrovskaya, participation in architectural competitions for the planning of the central part of Tallinn , the central part of Kazan and the formation of the central square of San Francisco ( USA ). Under her leadership, a number of projects related to the reconstruction and resettlement of historical buildings in the GDR and Hungary were prepared and implemented ^[2] .

Alexandra Viktorovna Makhrovskaya passed away on August 18, 1997. In recent years, she began working on the book Sea Gate of St. Petersburg, in which she hoped to summarize her many years of research on reconstruction problems and consider the impact of the historical environment on the architectural and spatial organization of a modern city. However, the monograph remained unfinished. Alexandra Makhrovskaya was buried at the Theological Cemetery in St. Petersburg ^[1] .

Family

• Spouse - Victor Ilyich Kochedamov (1912-1971), Soviet architect and historian of architecture, specialist in the history of architecture and urban planning of St. Petersburg, Siberia, Bukhara and Samarkand ^[3] .
• Daughter - Olga Alexandrovna Biantovskaya (born 1941), graphic artist , illustrator , poster artist , poster author for the performances of the Leningrad State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater named after S. M. Kirov and the Leningrad State Maly Academic Opera and Ballet Theater ^[10] .

All the years since entering graduate school in 1951, and during her work at the LenNIIIP urban development, until 1997, Makhrovskaya conducted research activities, studying the fundamental problems of the modern urban planning industry. For more than 20 years, she collaborated with the Central Research and Design Institute of Urban Planning of RAASN, and since the late 1980s. - also with the Central Research and Design Institute for the Reconstruction of Cities (Moscow). I paid attention to the training of scientific personnel, opposed on the defense of candidate and doctoral dissertations. Based on the materials of her department, four employees of the LenNIIIP urban development: M. M. Vlanin, I. A. Nerush, I. P. Fashchevskaya, G. Z. Kaganov - successfully dissertations for the degree of candidate of architecture ^[2] .

Makhrovskaya combined many years of research activity with public work. She was not a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , but she represented the interests of the working people and creative intelligentsia in local authorities. In 1961-1964 she was elected a deputy of the Oktyabrsky District Council of Deputies of Workers, in 1967-1972 she was a deputy of the Leningrad City Council . She was a member of the Academic Council of the State Inspectorate for the Protection of Monuments , after 1991 - a member of the City Planning Council of St. Petersburg , was one of the founders of the St. Petersburg Association of City Researchers, and led the seminar “City and Citizens”. In the 1990s, she became one of the authors and ideologists of the new "Urban Planning Concept for the Development of St. Petersburg and the Petersburg Region" ^[1] .

Major scientific publications

The results of many years of research by Makhrovskaya are reflected in her printed works, she is the author of more than 80 publications, the most significant of which are devoted to Leningrad and St. Petersburg ^[11] .

Monographs

1. Leningrad. Planning and development 1947-1957 (Reconstruction of avenues and embankments). - L .; M .: State Publishing House for Construction and Architecture, 1958.
2. Suburban areas of large cities. - L .; M .: State Publishing House for Construction and Architecture, 1962.
3. Progressive methods of planning and building residential areas and neighborhoods. Urban planning. (Materials of the VI session of the USSR ASIA, 1961). - L .; M .: State publishing house of literature on construction and architecture, 1962.
4. Residential area and neighborhood. - L .; M .: State publishing house of literature on construction and architecture, 1963.
5. Development of a residential area and microdistrict. (Planning and development in the Far North). - L .; M .: State publishing house of literature on construction and architecture, 1971.
6. Planning and development of the cities of the Kola North. - L .; M .: State publishing house of literature on construction and architecture, 1972.
7. Guide to the planning and development of cities in the Kola North. - Leningrad; Murmansk: LenNIIII Urban Planning, Murmansk Regional Department for Construction and Architecture, 1973.
8. Reconstruction of old residential areas of large cities. (On the example of Leningrad) - L .: L. about. Stroyizdata, 1974.
9. Leningrad resettlement system. - L .: L. about. Stroyizdata, 1977.
10. Transforming the urban environment. (Problems of protection and rehabilitation). Improving the living environment in the context of a comprehensive reconstruction. (A joint study of the USSR-Hungary). - M.: Stroyizdat, 1978.
11. Improving the urban environment during the reconstruction and renovation of residential structures. (Joint study on the plan of cooperation of the USSR-GDR). - M.: Stroyizdat, 1978.
12. Monuments in the structure of cities. Leningrad. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1978.
13. Reconstruction of old residential areas of large cities. (On the example of Leningrad). - L .: L. about. Stroyizdata, 1986.
14. Urban planning and architecture of the European North. - L .: L. about. Stroyizdata, transferred to the publishing house in 1990

Teaching materials

1. Master Plan for the Development of Leningrad. - L .: Society “Knowledge” of the RSFSR, 1968.
2. Methodological foundations of scientific research on the reconstruction of the central regions and the Tallinn public center. - M .: TSNTI on civil engineering and architecture at the USSR State Construction Committee, 1969.
3. Methodology for the reconstruction of residential areas. - L .: LenNIIIPgradstroitelstva, 1970.
4. Guidelines for the reconstruction of cities. (Project). USSR — NRB. - M .: State publishing house of literature on construction and architecture, 1971.
5. Guidelines for the planning and development of residential areas in the cities of the Far North. - M .: TSNTI on civil engineering and architecture under the USSR State Construction, 1980.
6. Guidelines for pre-design studies of the reconstruction conditions of the central regions of Leningrad. - L .: LenNIIP urban planning, 1980.
7. Ways of development of Leningrad. (Leningrad resettlement system). - L .: Society “Knowledge” of the RSFSR, 1980.
8. Guidelines for the reconstruction of the central regions of Leningrad. - L .: LenNIIIPgradstroitelstva, 1983.
9. Center of Leningrad. (Transformation and preservation of the historical environment). - L .: Society “Knowledge” of the RSFSR, 1986.

In 1983, Alexander Makhrovskaya was awarded the Order of Honor for her services in urban planning. In 1995, according to a set of scientific research, Makhrovskaya was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences (RAASN) ^[11] .

• Biography // Alexandra Makhrovskaya: scientist and urban planner. Memories of friends and colleagues . - St. Petersburg: Preserved Culture, 2014. - S. 6-11. - 400 p. - ISBN 978-5-905942-81-5 .
• Vasenina L.F., Grigoryeva G.K. Alexander Ivanovich Naumov - urban planner of Leningrad. Stages of a creative path. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2008. - 98 p.
• The great meaning of a beautiful life // Bulletin. Architect. 21 century. - St. Petersburg: Architect, 2017. - T. No. 4 (65). - S. 70-77.
• Makhrovskaya A.V. Victor Kochedamov // Architects about architects. Leningrad - Petersburg. XX century. - St. Petersburg: Ivan Fedorov, 1999 .-- S. 364-376. - 567 p. - ISBN 5-85952-090-5 .
• Makhrovskaya A.V. Historical zones of St. Petersburg-Leningrad (conservation-reconstruction-development) // St. Petersburg at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries (Architectural and urban planning heritage - conservation problems and ways of revival). - St. Petersburg: INTAN, 1999 .-- 169 p. - ISBN 5-86741-021-8 .
• Makhrovskaya A.V. Reconstruction of old residential areas of large cities. - 2nd ed., Revised. and add. - L .: Stroyizdat, 1986.
• Olga Biantovskaya. Poetry graphics and poster . - St. Petersburg: Preserved Culture, 2018 .-- 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-6041035-5-5 .
• Fashchevskaya I.P. Memoirs of friends and colleagues // Alexandra Makhrovskaya: scientist and urban planner. Memories of friends and colleagues . - St. Petersburg: Preserved Culture, 2014. - S. 230-243. - 400 p. - ISBN 978-5-905942-81-5 .

• Book and articles about Alexandra Makhrovskaya on the Law and Internet website
• An article about Alexandra Makhrovskaya on the website of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences (RAASN)
• The article about Alexandra Makhrovskaya on archi.ru