Sfirena [1] [2] [3] , or barracuda [2] [3] , or small-scaled sefiren [4] , or European sefiren [5] ( lat. Sphyraena sphyraena ), is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Barracuda (Sphyraenidae) . Widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean , including the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
| Spirene |
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| Scientific classification |
|---|
| No rank : | Bilateral symmetrical |
| Family: | Barracuda ( Sphyraenidae Rafinesque , 1815 ) |
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| International scientific name |
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Sphyraena sphyraena ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
| Security status |
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Least ConcernedIUCN 3.1 Least Concern : 198565 |
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Content
The body is elongated, rounded, slightly compressed laterally, covered with small cycloid scales [1] . The head is large, with a long snug snout. The mouth is big. The lower jaw protrudes forward. At the end of the lower jaw there is a pronounced fleshy growth. The end of the upper jaw does not reach the vertical passing through the front edge of the orbit of the eye. On each side in the anterior part of the lower jaw there is one, and on the upper jaw two, on the palatine bones 3-4 sharp, canine teeth compressed laterally and backward. Behind the canines there is one more row of rather large teeth on the mandibular and very small on the maxillary bones. The lateral line is continuous, straight, runs almost in the middle of the body, it contains 120-150 scales; in the back of the body forms a well-developed keel.
The maximum body length is 165 cm, usually up to 60 cm [6] .
The upper part of the head and body is from intense green, brownish-bluish to a steely-brownish color, often with a purple tint. The sides of the body are grayish-silver, the belly is milky white. On the sides above the lateral line there are quite numerous transverse black stripes (juveniles have up to 22 beveled black stripes). The second dorsal, anal and caudal fins are from purple to black in color with whitish peaks, paired fins are grayish-yellowish.
Spirena is distributed in the eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Namibe (Angola), as well as in the Mediterranean and Black Seas , near Madeira , the Canary and Azores ; in the western Atlantic near Bermuda and Brazil .
The species was observed off the Crimean coast ( Balaklava 1905 - 1 individual; Sevastopol 1950 - 1 individual) and in the northwestern part of the Black Sea (in 1945-1946 it was repeatedly found in the Odessa region). In 2007, 2 individuals of this fish were again caught in the region of Sevastopol (at the exit of Streletskaya bay and in Balaklava bay) [7] .
Marine pelagic-bottom predatory fish. Often kept in the near-surface layers of water or close to them, but it is also found at depths of up to 100 m. Large individuals live alone, small and juveniles sometimes come together in small flocks. Prefers places with large stones and rocks, often found in open areas of the sea. Reproduction in the summer, pelagic caviar. It feeds mainly on various schooling fish, which it actively pursues or hunts from ambush. Sometimes several individuals participate in the hunt. Cephalopods and crustaceans are also noted in the diet.
- ↑ 1 2 Svetovidov A.N. Fishes of the Black Sea. - M., L .: Nauka, 1964 .-- S. 204. - 550 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Vasilieva E. D. Fish of the Black Sea. Key to marine, brackish-water, euryhaline and migratory species with color illustrations collected by S. V. Bogorodsky. - M .: VNIRO, 2007 .-- S. 176. - 238 p. - 200 copies. - ISBN 978-5-85382-347-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 Parin N.V., Evseenko S.L., Vasilieva E. D. Fishes of the seas of Russia: annotated catalog. - Collection of works of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University. - M .: Partnership of scientific publications of KMK, 2014. - V. 53. - P. 508. - 733 p. - 500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-87317-967-1 .
- ↑ Lindberg G.W. et al. Dictionary of the names of marine commercial fish of the world fauna. - L .: Science, 1980.
- ↑ Reshetnikov Yu.S. , Kotlyar A.N. , Russ T.S. , Shatunovsky M.I. The Bilingual Dictionary of Animal Names. Fish. Latin, Russian, English, German, French. / edited by Acad. V. E. Sokolova . - M .: Rus. Yaz., 1989 .-- S. 231. - 12,500 copies. - ISBN 5-200-00237-0 .
- ↑ Sphyraena sphyraena (English) in the FishBase database.
- ↑ Movchan Yu.V. Ribi of Ukraine (Ukrainian) . - Kyiv: Golden Gate, 2011 .-- 444 p. - ISBN 978-966-2246-26-1 .
- Movchan Yu.V. Ribi of Ukraine (Ukrainian) . - Kyiv: Golden Gate, 2011 .-- 444 p. - ISBN 978-966-2246-26-1 .
- BC Russell. SPHYRAENIDAE. Barracudas // The living marine resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Perciformes to Tetradontiformes) and Sea turtles / Carpenter KE & De Angelis N., eds .. - FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. - Rome: FAO, 2016 .-- P. 2343-3124. - 2865-2872 p.
