Samuel Phillips Huntington ( Eng. Samuel Phillips Huntington ; April 18, 1927 , New York , USA - December 24, 2008 , Martas-Vinyard , Massachusetts , USA) is an American sociologist and political scientist , the author of the concept of ethnocultural division of civilizations, published in the article “Clash” civilizations? ”( The Clash of Civilizations? ), published in 1993 in the journal Foreign Affairs , and then in 1996 in the book Clash of Civilizations .
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| Awards and prizes | Guggenheim Scholarship [d] ( 1992 ) [d] |
Content
- 1 Biography
- 2 Main works and views
- 3 Criticism
- 4 Scientific works
- 4.1 Translations in Russian
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature
- 7 References
Biography
He graduated from Yale University , in 1948 - a master's degree at the University of Chicago , defended his doctoral dissertation at Harvard University , where he taught until the end of his life. At the beginning of his scientific career he gained fame, first of all, as a researcher of civilian control over the armed forces and the theory of modernization. Founder and chief editor of Foreign Policy magazine .
In 1973 he worked as deputy director of the Center for International Relations; in 1977-1978 - coordinator of the planning department at the US National Security Council ; in 1978-1989 - Director of the Center for International Relations.
An indicator of Huntington’s high authority among American political scientists is his election in 1984-1985 as vice president, and in 1986-1987 as president of the American Political Science Association.
Major works and views
Huntington is the author of numerous works in the field of political modernization, international relations, the theory of democracy and immigration. Among them are the following:
- “The soldier and the state: theory and politics of civil-military relations” (1957);
- “Political Order in Changing Societies” (1968);
- “The crisis of democracy. Report to the Tripartite Commission on the Manageability of Democratic Systems ”(1975)
- “The Third Wave: Democratization at the End of the 20th Century” (1991);
- “ The Clash of Civilizations ” (1993);
- “ Who are we? Challenges of American National Identity ”(2004).
Huntington’s concept of a “ clash of civilizations ”, which describes the dynamics of modern international relations through the prism of conflicts on a civilizational basis, became very famous. In his opinion, the only real difference left between nations after the end of the Cold War is cultural affiliation [4] . Huntington expressed the view that in the near future the confrontation between the Islamic and Western worlds will be inevitable, which will resemble the Soviet-American confrontation during the Cold War. These constructions of his gained particular popularity in the West after the tragic events of September 11, 2001.
Huntington's other well-known theoretical development is the concept of "waves of democratization ."
Criticism
Doctor of Political Sciences V. S. Malakhov calls the article “Clash of Civilizations?” “A grotesque example of the rhetoric of identity systematically produced by cultural centrism”. Malakhov writes that Huntington does not take into account the socio-economic factor, trying to reduce everything to “cultural differences”, and simplifies the political picture of the world by dividing it into “good” (western) and “evil” (non-western, primarily Islamic) halves . At the same time, the confrontation between Iraq and Iran or between Egypt and Syria does not fit into Huntington’s concept (as Muslim countries they should demonstrate unity according to Huntington). The success of Huntington’s concept, according to Malakhov, is explained by the fact that it returns the West its identity [5] .
According to the ethnologist V. A. Shnirelman , Huntington’s civilizational theory is not supported and refuted in Western academic literature, although it is common in public discourse [6] [ specify ] .
Scientific Papers
- The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (1957)
- The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics (1961)
- Political Order in Changing Societies (1968)
- The Crisis of Democracy. Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission (1975)
- American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (1981)
- The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (1991)
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (1996)
- Who are we? The Challenges to America's National Identity (2004)
Translations in Russian
- Huntington S. Third Wave. Democratization at the end of the 20th century. - M.: ROSSPEN , 2003
- Huntington S. The Clash of Civilizations. - M .: AST , 2003. - ISBN 5-17-007923-0
- Huntington S. Political Order in Changing Societies. - M .: Progress-Tradition , 2004. - ISBN 5-89826-194-X
- Huntington S. Who are we? Challenges of American National Identity. - M .: AST, 2008. - ISBN 978-5-17-051209-6 , ISBN 978-5-9713-8992-7
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 German National Library , Berlin State Library , Bavarian State Library , etc. Record # 119541807 // General regulatory control (GND) - 2012—2016.
- ↑ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3999461/Samuel-Huntington.html
- ↑ SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ Sherrer Yu. What is behind the new Russian cultural studies // Russian Journal , 01/29/1998.
- ↑ V. Malakhov “War of Cultures”, or Intellectuals on the Borders. October 1997, 7
- ↑ Victor Schnirelman. Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS, Moscow Civilization Approach, History Textbooks and “New Racism”
Literature
- Huntington, Samuel Phillips / Tkachenko A.A. // Uland - Khvattsov [Electronic resource]. - 2017. - P. 749. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 33). - ISBN 978-5-85270-370-5 .