Sambir

EET ( UTC + 2 , in summer UTC + 3 ) In Sambir and the region, as well as throughout Ukraine, there is one time zone . The official time in Ukraine is considered - Kiev time .

Daylight saving time is switched annually - on the last Sunday of March at 3:00 a.m. 1 hour forward and on the last Sunday of October at 4:00 a.m. 1 hour ago ^[3] .

The city of Sambir is located on the left bank of the Dniester River and stands at the crossroads of roads and railways. It is a cultural, industrial and tourist center of modern Ukraine.

The fifth most populated city in the Lviv region. The distance to the regional center by rail is 78 km, by road 76 km. The city is 10.5 km from the southwest to the northeast, and 4.5 km from the northwest to the southeast.

Electrified railway lines, trunk transmission lines and pipelines pass through the city.

The average annual temperature in Sambir is: +8, + 10 ° C.

• Winter in Sambir is quite mild, with thaws, sometimes without snow cover (winter is characterized by a minimum of atmospheric precipitation for the annual amount, although they often fall in the form of rain and wet snow).
• Spring is long, sometimes lingering, windy, cool, quite humid.
• Summer is warm, hot, slightly humid and not rainy.
• Autumn is warm, sunny, dry (usually lasts until the first days of November).

The average temperature of the coldest month (January): −4 ° C, the average temperature of July: - +28 ° C.

The winter of 2013-2014 was extremely warm. The average December temperature was +1 ° C, the maximum minimum: −7 ° C, and the maximum: - 9 ° C. No snow cover was observed this month.

Weather anomalies

On September 23, 2013, a tornado struck the city, tearing out trees with roots and tearing down roofs. Disaster reporting was broadcast on many Ukrainian television channels. Losses are estimated at more than 1 million hryvnia.

At different times, several versions were put forward about the origin of the toponym . According to modern researchers, the origin of the name "Sambir" has not been fully studied, there are several published versions of scientific hypotheses :

• Sambir - presumably from the name of the plant - broom , willow , wicker ^[5] .
• From the Old Slavonic anthroponym - “Sambir” ^[6] .
• M. L. Khudash and M. A. Demchuk believe that “Sambir” could “initially mean a yard or other property” ^[7] .
• Z. Gnatyuk, A. Lopushinskaya and T. Smirnova derive the name of the city from the phrase “the burs themselves”, because, they point out, green burs covered almost the entire district. Then the spruce forest was "the only property of the city" ^[8] .
• O. N. Trubachev saw in the name ( literally : sam-bar) - the place where two rivers merge - the Dniester and the Yablonka ^[9] .

The lands of Prykarpattya , on which modern Sambir is based, were conquered by Prince Vladimir of Kiev in Kiev and annexed to the Old Russian State , after the collapse of which they were part of the Galicia-Volyn , and later Galician principalities .

Base. First Mention

1241 is considered to be the year the city was founded. During the time of the Great Mongolian state, the settlement of Sambir (now the city of Old Sambir ), which has existed since ancient times, was devastated by the Golden Horde . The surviving residents fled and took refuge in the forest thickets on the banks of the Dniester, in the town of Pogonic, ( Polish Pohonicza ) , which soon grew and became known as New Sambir , and later Sambir .

1340 year. Pogonich, like the whole of Galicia, was transferred into the possession of the Great and Polish King Casimir III ( Polish. Kazimierz III Wielki ). However, these Old Russian lands were not fully annexed to the Kingdom of Poland until 1387, after a short stay in Hungary . The Poles owned and controlled this land until 1772.

1387 year. Queen of Poland Jadwiga ( Polish. Jadwiga Andegawenska ) bestows Pogonich ( Polish. Pohonicza ), governor of Podolia , Cracow governor , Spytko from Melshtyn for military merits and valor shown during the seizure of ancient Russian lands.

1390 year. Sambir (Pogonich) gains the status of a city. Citizens are granted a certificate of Magdeburg law for a number of privileges. In the same year, next to the old city, on a low open hill, they began to build a new city, in the Western European Gothic style. . After the death of Spytko in the battle of Vorskla , his widow Elzbieta owned and completely controlled the Sambir lands.

The end of the XIV century: Sambor is mentioned in the annals " List of Russian cities near and far " ^[10] .

Middle Ages

1402 year. Elzbieta finances the construction of a stone church to replace the wooden one, later known as the Ukrainian “St. Intercession " ^[11] .

XV century. Sambir is a castle-fortress.

1415 year. The city was again returned to the possession and administration of the Polish kings.

1431 year. Sambir is transferred to the possession of the richest Polish family of Odrovonzhe .

1498 year. The city was devastated and burned during the Tatar raid ^[11] .

The city is expanding, strengthening and new defensive structures appear. Sambir warden Krzysztof (Christopher) Szydlowiecki is mentioned as a tireless builder of defensive and fortifications ^[12] .

1539 year. The Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund I conducts tax reform and restricts the rights of Jews. (The ban on free settlement in the city, since 1551 they are forbidden to trade at fairs with rare exceptions during church holidays) ^[13]

1553 year. Representatives of the Ruthenian, ( Polish. Rusini ) community of Sambir complain to the Queen, complaining that they are not allowed to buy a house in the city or establish a craft, or build an Orthodox church in the center.

1554 year. The Queen of Poland and the Grand Duchess of Lithuania, Bon Sforza, redeems for 19 187 zlotys the sambo lands from the Lviv coughman and the Sambo warden Stanislav Odrovonzha ^[14] .

1570 year. After the founding of the Federation, the Commonwealth ^[15] and the signing by the son of Queen Bona, the King of Poland and the Prince of Lithuania Sigismund II of the so-called Privilege of 1563 , which equalized the rights of the representatives of the Catholic and Orthodox gentry, received great permission for the construction of the Rusyns in the Orthodox church in the city. This decision caused a lot of protests and complaints in the multi- confessional community of Sambir. ( more details ... )

Nevertheless: “the dispute is safely resolved in favor of the Lord” ^[16] and the wooden Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary is erected, which served until 1738 , and then the stone one is erected. The stone temple, preserved to this day, was built in 1738. Funds for the construction and design were donated by a family of wealthy Galician gentry Komarnitsky. The architectural line of the temple is simple and clear forms. On the front balcony and attic are statues of guardian angels. The internal painting was done by the icon painter Yablonsky.

1602 year. The city suffered from an epidemic of cholera ^[11] .

1604 year. In the castle of the Samborsky headman Jerzy Mnishek, Grigory Otrepiev settles, according to a popular version, known as False Dmitry I , posing as the son of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible - Dmitry. Jerzy Mniszek, whose daughter was the wife of False Dmitry I, and subsequently False Dmitry II , helps him ascend to the Russian Throne on June 21, 1605, which he held until mid-May 1606.

1619 year. In the monastery of the Order of the “Fathers of Vasiliyan” in the town of Uhertsi Zlatlatykia (now the village of Nagirne), Father Pavel Lyudkovich organizes a printing house and publishes the Short Chronological Writer , and in 1620, the Apostle and the Gospel ^[11] .

1648-1649 years. The city is besieged by the squads of Bohdan Khmelnitsky under the command of Colonel Lavren Kapusta. The suburbs of the city were ravaged and burned ^[11] .

1670 year. Reconstruction of the town hall . The clock was repaired and the third tier was built on ^[11] .

1688 year. "Great flood" in the city ^[11] .

1704 year. The Sambir lands are occupied by the Swedish Army ^[11] .

Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary

1772 year. After the partition of the Commonwealth , Sambir lands are part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the capital in Lemberg .

1774 year. Sambir becomes the administrative center of the circular (district) ^[11] .

Since 1804, the city is part of the Austrian Empire and from 1867 - Austria-Hungary .
The Austro-Hungarian period of Sambir will last until 1914.

1778, June 26. Emperor Joseph II bestows the title of “Free Royal City” to Sambor. In Sambir, new buildings are erected in which administrative and financial institutions are located.

1890-1894 years. A 2-storey gymnasium building and a post office building were built.

1855-1858. Highway construction: Sambir - Drohobych .

1872 year. A railway connection opens on the routes: Sambir - Borislav and Stryi - Sambir - Przemysl .

In 1904, the State (male) teacher's seminary was built.

1903-1905. The following railways were completed: Lviv - Sambir and Sambir - Sanok.

World War I. As part of the Second Polish Republic

1914, July 28. The beginning of the First World War .

September 1914 Battle of Galicia , the Russian Imperial Army defeats the Austro-Hungarian Empire and occupies Galicia .

August 21, 1914. The troops of the Southwestern Front of the Russian Imperial Army take Lviv, and on the 22nd Galich , the former capital of the Principality of Galicia .

1914, September 17. Units 8 of the field army of General Brusilov enter Sambir. On the territory under control begins the office of Count George Bobrinsky , appointed military governor-general of Galicia .

I order you to explain to the lower ranks that we are entering Galicia, although it is now part of Austria-Hungary, but it is an original Russian land inhabited mainly by the Russian people ... I express full confidence that none of the ranks who have the honor of belonging to the army he will allow himself any violence against a civilian and will not disgrace the name of a Russian soldier.

- Commander of the 8th Army, General A.A. Brusilov . ^[17] .

On the eve of the First World War, at the beginning of 1914 there were events that can be considered in the light of the clash of two projects: the creation of a large Russian nation and a Ukrainian one, which excluded all-Russian identity. On the one hand, the second Marmarosh-Sighet and Lviv trials, a search in the editorial office of the Chernivtsi newspaper Russkaya Pravda and the arrest of its publisher and editor (Austria-Hungary), and on the other, events held in Russia on the 100th anniversary of T. G. Shevchenko, whose anniversary was used for anti-government protests.

- S. Suljak “Rusyn and Ukrainian issues on the eve of the First World War” ^[18]

1915, March. Emperor Nicholas II arrives with an inspection in the Galician-Bukovinian governor general .

In Lviv, he meets with Governor-General Bobrinsky , and with General Brusilov the next day in Sambir, then the Emperor visits Khirov and Przemysl .

The Russian government planned to further integrate the eastern part of Galicia into the Russian Empire, and Western Galicia (populated mainly by Poles) - into the Kingdom of Poland . The activities of the G. Bobrinsky administration lasted less than a year, in the conditions of constant military operations, therefore it is difficult to talk about a focused policy of civil administration

From the first days of their stay in Galicia, Russian authorities, officers and soldiers of the Imperial Army were strictly instructed to be tolerant of the clergy of the Uniate Church , its flock and loyalty to the local population.

The actions of the local Russian military authorities in the Eastern Galicia occupied by the Russian army contributed to the fact that the most active attempts to speedy reunification of the Uniates with Orthodoxy were suspended in the autumn of 1914.

It was possible to a certain extent to reassure the Catholic Poles and especially the intelligentsia of Lviv, convincing them that there would be no forced conversion to Orthodoxy. But nevertheless, in spite of soothing telegrams and circulars on religious issues, the local administration found the nationalists' tactics to steadily supplant the Uniate clergy quite justified and in the short term permissible

- Bakhturina A.Yu. The policy of the Russian Empire in Eastern Galicia during the First World War ^[19] .

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire , the end of the First World War , the power of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed on the territory of Sambir District. However, the power of ZUNR was never extended to the whole of Eastern Galicia, and to the territory of Transcarpathia.

November 21, 1918. Parts of the Polish Army occupy Lviv and most of eastern Galicia. The management of ZUNR urgently moves to Tarnopol .

February 16, 1919. The command of the Ukrainian Galician Army (UGA) is attempting to liberate Lviv. During the Vovchukhovsky offensive, UGA fighters managed to cut the Lviv-Przemysl railway and block the Lviv Pole group.

But already on March 18, having received reinforcements, the Poles themselves launched a counterattack and dealt a crushing blow to the UGA units, releasing Lviv and developing a successful attack on the East and South.

May 16, 1919. Units of the Polish Army under the command of General Frantisek Alexandrovich enter Sambir ^[20] .

On February 23, 1921 , the League of Nations recognized in its decision that Eastern Galicia was “under Polish military occupation” and condemned the anti-Ukrainian policies of the Warsaw leadership. Nevertheless, according to the results of the Soviet-Polish and Ukrainian-Polish wars, most of the territories of the former Galicia and Lodomeria , by the end of 1921 and after ratification of the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921, were leaving to Poland ^[21] .

Sambir becomes the administrative center of the Samborska County County of Lviv Voivodeship ( Polish. Powiat samborski, Wojewodztwo lwowskie ) as part of the so-called “revived” Polish Republic of Jozef Pilsudski .

In 1927, a regular bus route opens to Drohobych ^[11] .

In 1933, a “high-profile” trial of Ukrainian nationalists involved in the murder of Polish public and political activist Tadeusz Golovko ( Polish. Tadeusz Holowko ) was held in Sambir ^[22] . The political assassination of Golovko caused a wide international response not only in Poland but also abroad. This event was discussed at a special meeting of the League of Nations.

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  Highway to Old Sambir . 1933

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  Sambir. An accident involving artists from the tadeusz Pilarski troupe, 1933.

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  Tkatskaya Street, 1930s.

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  Feeding unemployed children under police supervision. 1937

The Second World War. In Soviet Ukraine

1939, September 1. The beginning of World War II . The bombing of the railway junction Sambir.

September 10, 1939. The city is occupied by parts of the VII army corps of the Wehrmacht. The occupation continues until September 25 ^[23] .

September 26, 1939. According to the Non-aggression Treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union of 08.23.1939, regular units of the Red Army enter the territory of the former Polish district of Samborski and the city passes under the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic .

Sambir is part of the Drogobych region of the Ukrainian SSR as a regional center of regional subordination.

Subsequently, in official Soviet propaganda, the goal of the “liberation campaign of the Red Army” proclaimed the protection of the working people of Western Ukraine from fascist enslavement and the creation of conditions for the implementation of radical revolutionary transformations:

On September 17, the troops of the gallant Red Army crossed the border by order of the Soviet government to take control of the life and property of the population of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. Thoughts and feelings of the entire Soviet people - with the beloved, dear, dear, invincible Red Army. Glorious fighters go to military exploits under the heroic flag of the party of Lenin - Stalin ...

- An editorial in the newspaper "Pravda" on 09/19/1939 ^[24]

October 1939 A pedagogical school and a polyclinic are open in the city.

1939, December 4. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issues a Decree “On the Formation of Volyn, Drohobych, Lviv, Rivne, Stanislav and Tarnopol Regions as part of the Ukrainian SSR”.

1941, June 22. German attack on the USSR . From June 29, 1941 to August 7, 1944, the Drogobych region and the Sambir region of Ukraine were occupied by Germany.

Sambir is determined by the "District Center" ( German: Kreishauptmannschaft ), "District Galicia" of the Governor General .

1941, July 1. Local nationalists, under Nazi control, organized a Jewish pogrom that killed 50 Jews ^[25] . According to historian Alexander Kruglov , 120 people fell victim to the pogrom on July 1 ^[26] .

A few days later, a Judenrat was created by the occupation authorities under the chairmanship of Leon Snaiger, later the Jewish ghetto , which, according to some estimates, contained more than 3650 people ^[27]

1943 year. “For the help and harboring of Jews” 27 Ukrainians and Poles from among the inhabitants of the city were executed. In total, the number of those executed for helping Jews in Galicia is more than 170 people ^[28] .

August 7, 1944. The liberation of the city and the region by parts of the Red Army :

The troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front, as a result of stubborn battles on August 7, stormed the important defense point of the Germans in the foothills of the Carpathians, the city and the large railway junction Sambir.

- Bulletin of the Sovinformburo from 08/07/1944 .

After the end of World War II as part of the Ukrainian SSR . The city is developing as a large industrial and cultural center of the Soviet Carpathian region.

May 21, 1959 Drogobych region was included in the Lviv region, forming its southern half. Since 1991, Sambir and the region as part of independent Ukraine.

Sambir is an important transport hub in Western Ukraine. Railways and motorways of national importance pass through the city.

Car roads

1. Lviv - Sambir - Uzhhorod (N-13)
2. Nizhankovichi - Sambir - Drohobych - Stryi (T-1418)
3. Mostiska - Sambir - Borislav (T-1415).

Passenger rail

Railway station "Sambir" ( Ukrainian. "Sambir" ), Lviv railway , is located in the eastern part of the city.

City public transport

There are two bus stations in the city:

1. a bus station in the center (Valovaya St.);
2. Bus station at the railway station (Privokzalnaya square).

There are regular international, interregional and intercity bus routes. There are two regular city bus routes. Suburban buses leave from Sambir in all directions, there is no need for additional lines.

• See the current schedule .

The education system of the city has a rich history. Since ancient times, the parish school at the church of St. Philip in Sambir is mentioned. It studied the Slavic and Greek languages, the Law of God . Teached children priests and clerks . The textbooks were psalters and watch books . The school itself was run by the Russian Orthodox Church . There is no reliable information about the time when the school ceased to exist. There is an assumption that she worked until 1795. According to urban legend, hetman Pyotr Sagaidachny studied in it.

In addition to the parish school at the Church of St. Philip, there was another Polish school at the Church of St. John the Baptist. She worked under the leadership of a Catholic parish priest (pleban) . After the educational reform, schools were run by rectors in cities and clerks in villages.

In the XV-XVI centuries, reading and writing, arithmetic, church singing and service, religious rites, the basics of linguistics, grammar, logic, and natural sciences were taught.

In mid-1945, the Sambor Statistical College (Sambir College of Economics and Informatics) was opened ^[29] , in 1953, the Sambir College of Medicine.

Sambir is also known for its pedagogical college named after Ivan Filipchak (Sambir State Pedagogical College of Ivan Filipchak) ^[30] . There are 10 municipal secondary schools in the city, of which two are primary (No. 2, No. 7) and one is a gymnasium.

For more than 15 years, the Sambir Faculty of Applied Software of Ternopil National Economic University has been functioning, graduating specialists with higher education in the specialties: Economic Cybernetics and Software Engineering ^[31] .

• Ukraine - Slavyansk
• Poland - Brzozow
• Poland - Kostrzyn nad Odrou
• Poland - Auschwitz

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  The city memorial cemetery where Soviet soldiers and partisans who died in 1941-1945 are buried.

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  The building of the Sambir gymnasium, the oldest in Ukraine.

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  Catholic church of St. John the Baptist

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  The house on Kopernika Street 12 where the secondary school number 7 is located.

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  Catholic church of St. Stanislav in Sambir