Istanbul's architecture contains a large mixture of structures that reflect the many influences that have left their mark in all parts of the city. The ancient part of the city is still partially surrounded by the walls of Constantinople , which were erected in the 5th century by Emperor Theodosius II to protect the city from invasion. The architecture within the city includes buildings, statues and other structures. Throughout its long history, Istanbul has gained a reputation as a cultural and ethnic center. The city has many historical mosques, churches, synagogues, palaces, castles and towers to visit.
Ancient Greek and Roman structures
- The snake column is a bronze column located on the main square of Istanbul Sultanahmet [1] . This is the surviving part of the sacrificial tripod , which was created from the weapons of the dead Persians at the Battle of Plataeus ( Greco-Persian wars) . The column was transported to the capital of the Roman Empire, Constantinople (now Istanbul) by their Delphi . In 1700, the column was partially destroyed, after which today the bottom of the snake heads is in the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul .
- Column of Constantine is a Roman triumphal column, which is located on Istanbul Chamberlitash Square. The column was installed by Emperor Constantine I the Great in 328 at the Forum of Constantine and was opened two years later, on the day of the founding of Constantinople on May 11, 330 . The height of the column is 34.8 m, made of porphyry . In 1204, the convoy was badly damaged during the Fourth Crusade . In 1779, after a severe fire, the blackened and cracked column was reinforced with iron hoops, and the base with bandage masonry. In the period from 2004 to 2009, the column was again restored [2] [3] .
Snake column
Gothic column
Byzantine and Genoese structures
- The walls of Constantinople , otherwise they are called Theodosius walls were erected from 408 to 413 years. Under the emperor Theodosius II to protect Constantinople from the barbarians [4] .
- Hagia Sophia (now Hagia Sophia Museum) is a famous monument of Byzantine architecture , a former patriarchal Orthodox cathedral , which later (from 1453) became a mosque . In 1935, the architectural building acquired the status of a museum [5] . In 1985, among other monuments of the historical center of Istanbul, it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site .
- The monastery was founded in 462 by Flavius Studio [6] . The monastery was destroyed during the looting of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204 and when the Turks took the city in 1453 . The equestrian Bayezid II turned the cathedral church of John the Baptist into the Imrahor mosque (that is, the “equestrian mosque”). It was also destroyed in 1782 and 1920 during fires. The 1894 earthquake further destroyed the structure. In February 2013, the temple was transferred for reconstruction to a mosque [2]
- Church of St. Irene - a church dedicated to the "Holy World" [7] . It is now a concert hall
- Small Vlaherna Palace - a palace built in Vlaherna at the beginning of the reign of the Paleologists [8]
- Chora Monastery is a Byzantine church [9] , one of Istanbul's World Heritage sites
- The Church of Our Lady of Pammakarista is a monument of art preserved from the reign of Paleologists [10] . In 1590, Sultan Murad III marked the conquest of Transcaucasia by turning the church to the Fethiye Camii Mosque (“Mosque of the Conquest”). In 1949, the complex was restored by the American Institute of Byzantium and since then, the rooms with mosaics function as a museum
- Galata Tower - a tower built in 1348 - 1349 by the Genoese. During the reign of Sultan Murad III, the tower was used as an observatory. Nowadays it is a museum object [11] .
Walls of Constantinople
Chora Monastery
Church of St. Irina
Saint Sophie Cathedral
Ottoman buildings
- Anadoluhisar is a fortress located in the Asian part of Istanbul on the banks of the Bosphorus . It is the oldest Ottoman architectural structure in the city.
- Topkapi ("Cannon Gate") - the main palace of the Ottoman Empire of the XIX century , was built in 1465-1478 [12] .
- Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque) is the first most important mosque in Istanbul , the construction of which began in August 1609 and lasted 7 years [13] .
- Suleymaniye - the second largest and the first largest mosque in Istanbul , was built by order of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent by the architect Sinan in 1550-1557 [14] .
- The Eyup Sultan Mosque is the first mosque built by the Ottoman Turks after the conquest of Constantinople ; built in 1458 under Sultan Mehmed II [15] .
- The Valide Sultan Mosque is a mosque built by order of Safiye Sultan , the wife of Sultan Murad III . Construction began in 1597 and lasted more than half a century.
- The Grand Bazaar (Kapaly Charshi) is one of the largest covered markets in the world; construction began under Sultan Mehmed II [16] .
- Fatih Mosque - built in 1470 on the site of the Byzantine temple of the Holy Apostles [17] .
- Beylerbeyi Palace - the summer residence of the sultans of the XIX century , built between 1861-1865 [18] .
- Dolmabahçe - the palace of the Ottoman sultans, was built in 1842-1853 for Sultan Abdul-Majid I [19] .
Topkapi
Dolmabahçe
Blue Mosque (Istanbul)
Notes
- ↑ VL Ménage. The Serpent Column in Ottoman Sources // Anatolian Studies. - 1964-12. - T. 14 . - S. 169–173 . - ISSN 2048-0849 0066-1546, 2048-0849 . - DOI : 10.2307 / 3642472 .
- ↑ Ivanov, S.A. (Sergey Arkadevich), 1956-. In Search of Constantinople: A Guide to Byzantine Istanbul and its Environs . - Vokrug sveta, 2011 .-- ISBN 9785986523828 , 5986523822.
- ↑ Mango, Cyril A., 1928-. Constantine's porphyry column and the chapel of St. Constantine . - [1981?].
- ↑ Bernard Granville Baker. The walls of Constantinople . - J. Milne, 1910. - 394 p.
- ↑ Robert Mark, Rowland J. Mainstone. Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church // American Journal of Archeology. - 1989-07. - T. 93 , no. 3 . - S. 489 . - ISSN 0002-9114 . - DOI : 10.2307 / 505622 .
- ↑ RM Price. Review: Theodore the Stoudite. The Ordering of Holiness // The Journal of Theological Studies. - 2003-04-01. - T. 54 , no. 1 . - S. 363-364 . - ISSN 1477-4607 0022-5185, 1477-4607 . - DOI : 10.1093 / jts / 54.1.363 .
- ↑ Williams, George Huntston. Church, F. Forrester. George, Timothy. Continuity and discontinuity in Church history: essays presented to George Huntston Williams on the occasion of his 65th birthday . - EJ Brill, 1979. - ISBN 9004058796 , 9789004058798.
- ↑ Timothy E. Gregory, Arnold Toynbee. Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World // The Classical World. - 1977. - T. 70 , no. 7 . - S. 470 . - ISSN 0009-8418 . - DOI : 10.2307 / 4348731 .
- ↑ Steves, Rick, 1955-. Chora Church, Istanbul . - Avalon Travel, 2012 .-- ISBN 9781612384801 , 1612384803.
- ↑ VanMillingen, Alexander. Byzantine churches in Constantinople . - Variorum Repr, 1974.
- ↑ Richardson, Terry. Istanbul . - Rough Guides, 2009 .-- ISBN 9781848360686 , 1848360681.
- ↑ Feore, Colm. Lang, Robert. Snow, Rebecca. Inside the Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul. . Date of appeal April 26, 2019.
- ↑ The Blue Mosque, Istanbul // Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery. - 2008-05-01. - T. 134 , no. 5 . - S. 465 . - ISSN 0886-4470 . - DOI : 10.1001 / archotol.134.5.465 .
- ↑ Gulru Necipoglu-Kafadar. The Suleymaniye Complex in Istanbul: An Interpretation // Muqarnas. - 1985.- T. 3 . - S. 92 . - ISSN 0732-2992 . - DOI : 10.2307 / 1523086 .
- ↑ Ozturk, Nancy F. Eyüp Sultan symposia I - VIII: selected articles . - Municipality of Eyüp, Directorate of Culture and Tourism, 2005. - ISBN 9759384493 , 9789759384494.
- ↑ Erdenen, Orhan. Istanbul carsilari ve Kapalicarsi. . - 1965.
- ↑ Kırımtayıf, Süleyman, 1960-. Converted Byzantine churches in Istanbul: their transformation into mosques and masjids . - Ege Yayinları, 2001 .-- ISBN 9758070460 , 9789758070466, 2002460673.
- ↑ Göncü, T. Cengiz, author. Beylerbeyi Palace . - ISBN 9786054700998 , 6054700995, 2017404661.
- ↑ Ullman, Frank. Dolmabahce Palace ([200-]). Date of appeal April 26, 2019.