Inch (Russian designation: inch ; international: inch , in or ″ - double stroke ; from Dutch. Duim - thumb) - non-metric unit of measurement of distance and length in some measurement systems [1] [2] [3] . Nowadays, an inch is usually taken to mean the English inch used in the USA , exactly 2.54 cm .
The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML), in its recommendations, refers the inch to those units of measure “ which should be withdrawn from circulation as soon as possible where they are currently used, and which should not be entered if they are not used ” [4] .
In the Russian Federation, an inch is allowed to be used as an off-system unit without a time limit with the scope of application “industry” [2] .
Content
History
It is generally believed that an inch was originally defined as the width of the thumb [5] . According to other legends, an inch was defined as 1 ⁄ 36 of a yard , which, in turn, was set as the distance between the tip of the nose and the thumb of an outstretched hand by King Henry I of England (there is a version that the yard was his sword). Another legend connects the definition of an inch (“legal inch”) with the length of three dry barley grains, taken from the middle part of the ear and placed one to the other with their ends, which was determined by the act of King Edward I [6] . In English life, and now used the measure of "barley grain" ( English barleycorn ), equal to one third of an inch. It is important to note here that inches are usually denoted by integers and ordinary fractions (with denominators of 2, 4, 8, 16), and not decimal fractions.
Historically, the width of the thumb of an adult male [5] . Typically, an inch is 1 ⁄ 12 or 1 ⁄ 10 (“decimal inch”) feet of the corresponding country (in Russian and English systems of measures 1 inch = 10 lines (“large line”)). The word "inch" was introduced into the Russian language by Peter I at the very beginning of the XVIII century .
In Russia, the English inches were most famous (including under the name from the original language: insh (outdated), inc (outdated, as well as modern jargon) and the French inch; the former was most often used in science and technology, the latter - according to the old Russian system of measures : 1 inch (equal to English) = 10 lines = 100 points = 4/7 inches = 1 ⁄ 12 feet (equal to English) = 1 ⁄ 28 arshins = 1 ⁄ 84 fathoms = 1 ⁄ 42 000 mile , but not household used advantageously feet and inches, and their proportionate arshins (= 7/3 feet) and tops (= 7/4 inches). in parallel with the determination du Russian ma through English early XX century there (also legalized) inches with a ratio of length metric units: 1 inch = 25.39954 mm [7] .
After the USSR switched to the metric system, inches were used only to a limited extent: in water and gas pipelines, inch calculus (using multiples of inches) remained for diameters and pitch of pipe thread [8] [9] ; unofficially expressed some calibers of artillery (the most famous are “three-inch” - 76.2 mm guns), small arms (“three-line" - 7.62 mm), the length of nails, the thickness of the boards and the size of some other objects, although the actual sizes of various technical products quite often in inches (or other units of the old system) were expressed in more round numbers than in the metric system.
Usage
An inch is the commonly used standard unit of length in the United States [10] , Canada [11] [12] , and the United Kingdom [13] . It is also used in Japan for electronic components, especially screens. In much of continental Europe, an inch is also unofficially used as a measure for display screens. In the United Kingdom, public sector guidelines say that starting October 1, 1995, without time limit, an inch (along with a foot) should be used as the primary unit for road signs and related distance measurements (with the possible exception of height and width of the gap) [14] and can continue to be used as a secondary or additional indication after metric measurement for other purposes [13] .
Inches of different countries
- Austria-Hungary
Vienna inch = 2.6340278 cm.
- Great Britain
The English inch or the imperial inch ( English inch from Lat. Uncia - 1 ⁄ 12 part) since 1958 is equal to exactly 2.54 cm . Previously recalculated into the metric system in a different way:
- 1819 - 1000000/393694 cm ≈ 2.5400438 cm;
- 1895 - 2.5399978 cm;
- 1922 - 2.5399956 cm;
- 1932 - 2.5399950 cm;
- 1947 - 2.5399931 cm.
In the English system of measures 1 inch = 12 lines = 72 points = 1 ⁄ 12 feet = 1 ⁄ 36 yards .
- Germany
- Bavaria : 2.43216 cm or 2.918592 cm (“decimal inch”);
- Baden : 3 cm ( 1810 );
- Prussia : 2.61545 cm ( 1755 ), 3.76625 cm (“decimal inch”, 1816 );
- Rhine Union : 2.61541 cm;
- Saxony : 2.36 cm.
- Spain
1 pulgada = 2.32166 cm.
- Quebec
The French inch was used, but since 1985 the value has been changed: 2,707005 cm.
- China
1 inch = 1 ⁄ 30 m ≈ 3.33333 cm.
- Mexico
1 pulgada = 2,3278 cm.
- Ostsey provinces
Along with the Rhine inches (see above, in the section on Germany), the following were applied:
- Courland inch ≈ 3.36 cm;
- Riga inch ≈ 2.24 cm;
- Revel inch ≈ 2.6715 cm.
- Commonwealth , Poland , Grand Duchy of Lithuania
- Old Polish or crown inch (before 1819 ) ≈ 2.48 cm;
- Novopolsky inch (1819-1849) = exactly 2.4 cm;
- Wroclaw ( Breslav , Silesian ) inch = 2.742 cm;
- Old Lithuanian inch ≈ 2.7076 cm.
- Rio de la Plata
1 pulgada ≈ 2.547 cm.
- USA
As in the UK, since 1958, the American inch has been equivalent to 2.54 cm - to distinguish it from the rest, this unit is called the international inch . Earlier (since 1866 ) it was equal to 2.54000508 cm (more precisely, 10000/3937 cm); sometimes this old meaning is still used today under the name geodetic inch .
The caliber of small arms in the United States is usually measured in hundredths of an inch, (in the UK - traditionally in thousandths). For example, the famous 45th caliber is 0.45 inches (or 11.43 mm); 30th is 0.30 inches (or 7.62 mm); The 50th is 0.50 inches (or 12.7 mm), etc.
- France
The French inch ( French pouce - thumb), also known as the Parisian inch and the royal inch , was equal to 75,000 ⁄ 27,706 cm, i.e. approximately 2,706,995 cm. In the old Parisian system of measures 1 inch = 12 lines = 144 points = 1 ⁄ 12 feet = 72 ⁄ 3161 elbows = 1/72 toise .
The units of the Dido typometric system adopted in the Russian printing business are based on the divisions of the French inch.
- Japan
1 sun = 1 ⁄ 33 m ≈ 3.03 cm
In Technology
In recent years, under the influence of American technology and technical terminology, inches are used more often in Russian. In particular, they express the size of various computer parts, assemblies and accessories: floppy disks , disks, TV screens, displays ( monitor ), etc. In dots per inch ( dpi ) and lines per inch ( lpi ), the resolution of various devices is measured graphic input-output. The diagonal screen of household television broadcasting receivers , which was measured only in centimeters in Soviet times, is now often indicated in inches.
Wheel diameters for cars and motorbikes, mountain bike rims and cruisers are also traditionally measured in inches, while tire dimensions and fastener parameters, as well as rims for road, cross and hybrid bicycles, are in the metric system , although the tire size of Japanese and American SUVs is usually it is indicated in inches, for example 31 * 10.5R15 - tire height 31 ", width 10.5", disk 15 ". Also in inches diameter of loudspeakers is measured.
In modern typography, in addition to French, the English inch is also used, especially in computers. Font sizes are measured in points, 72 fractions of an inch.
Vidikonovsky inch
Equal to ⅔ ordinary inch or approximately 16.93 mm . Most often it is used to measure the diagonal of a matrix of digital cameras. Historically arose as a designation of the size of the active part of the target of the vidicon, in which the diameter of the bulb is 1 inch.
For example, 1 / 2.7 "is a unit divided by 2.7 and multiplied by 16.93 mm, that is, 6.27 mm.
Pipe Diameter
The traditional designation of the diameters of water and gas pipes in inches does not directly express either the outer or inner diameters of the pipes [15] . This designation is closer to the designation of the conditional passage of pipeline elements, which can be expressed both in the Anglo-American inch and in the metric European system [16] . However, there is no formula for translating “pipe inches” to millimeters or “regular” inches in order to know the actual outside or inside diameter of the pipe. The conditional passage in the metric system is also weakly connected with the geometric diameter of the pipes [15] . To unambiguously compare the conditional inch diameter to the standard outer diameter of the pipe and the diameters of the pipe thread, it is necessary to use the reference literature and normative documentation.
GOST 3262 [17] establishes the technical conditions for steel pipes used for water and gas pipelines, but it does not standardize and does not indicate the diameter of the pipes in inches. When cutting pipe threads, one must be guided by GOST 6357 [8] , which establishes the main dimensions of a cylindrical pipe thread in millimeters, but uses a thread size designation in inches . Thus, to establish the correspondence between the inch size of the pipe and its actual geometric diameter, it is necessary to compare the data given in these two standards.
For example, the outer diameter of ½ "pipe in accordance with GOSTs is 21.3 mm, and 5" pipe is 140.0 mm. When trying to calculate the conversion factor, it is found that the “pipe inches” are larger than the standard value of 25.4 mm and “different” for different pipe diameters.
The above table is based on the above GOSTs, but does not claim to be complete and cannot serve as a replacement for official regulatory documents.
| Thread Size Designation [8] | Conditional pass of a pipe [17] | Outer diameter of the external thread (pipe) [8] , mm | The outer diameter of the pipe [17] , mm |
|---|---|---|---|
| ⅛ | 6 | 9,728 | 10,2 |
| ¼ | eight | 13,157 | 13.5 |
| ⅜ | ten | 16,662 | 17.0 |
| ½ | 15 | 20,955 | 21.3 |
| ¾ | 20 | 26,441 | 26.8 |
| one | 25 | 33,249 | 33.5 |
| 1¼ | 32 | 41,910 | 42.3 |
| 1½ | 40 | 47,803 | 48.0 |
| 2 | 50 | 59,614 | 60.0 |
| 2½ | 65 | 75,184 | 75,5 |
| 3 | 80 | 87,884 | 88.5 |
| 3½ | 90 | 100,330 | 101.3 |
| four | 100 | 113,030 | 114.0 |
| five | 125 | 138,430 | 140.0 |
| 6 | 150 | 163,830 | 165.0 |
In Cartography
Maps of Russia in the 18th - early 20th centuries had a scale in inches in inches (or in English inches).
Scale of inch cards:
- 10 miles per inch (ten-page / ten-page) - 1: 420 000, or 1 cm 4.2 km.
- 5 miles per inch (five-page / five-page) - 1: 210 000, or 1 cm 2.1 km.
- 3 versts per inch (three-page / three-page) - 1: 126 000, or 1 cm 1.26 km.
- 2 versts per inch (two-page / two-page) - 1:84 000, or 1 cm 0.84 km.
- 1 verst in an inch (layout / layout) - 1:42 000, or 1 cm 0.42 km.
See also
- Thumbelina - a fairy-tale character (literally - the size of an inch)
- Nine Inch Nails - rock band (literally - nine inch nails )
- Top
- Asba
Literature
- Inch // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Inch // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- Inch // Kryukovskikh A. Dictionary of historical terms, 1998
- Karpushina N. Hand-made measurements // Mathematics at school . - 2008. - No. 7.
Notes
- ↑ Dengub V.M. , Smirnov V.G. Units of quantities. Dictionary dictionary. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1990. - S. 50. - 240 p. - ISBN 5-7050-0118-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 “ Regulation on units of quantities allowed for use in the Russian Federation Archival copy of November 2, 2013 on the Wayback Machine ”. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2009 No. 879.
- ↑ Inch // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ OIML International Document D2. Legalized (officially approved for use) units. Appendix B Archived copy of October 14, 2013 on the Wayback Machine .
- ↑ 1 2 Inch // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 volumes / auth. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Printing house of M.O. Wolf , 1880-1882.
- ↑ Irina Vinokurova. Bread metrology // Technique - youth . - 2011. - No. 7 (July). - S. 49.
- ↑ Petrushevsky F.F. Tables for translating metric (decimal) measures into Russian and Russian into metric // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 GOST 6357-81 Basic norms of interchangeability. Cylindrical pipe thread . Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology. - "This standard applies to cylindrical pipe threads used in cylindrical threaded connections, as well as in the connections of internal cylindrical threads with external conical threads in accordance with GOST 6211, and establishes the profile, basic dimensions and tolerances of the thread." Date of treatment April 9, 2012. Archived June 22, 2012.
- ↑ Metrological parameters of pipes according to GOST 3262-75 Archival copy of June 24, 2011 on the Wayback Machine .
- ↑ Corpus of Contemporary American English . Brigham Young University . Date of treatment December 5, 2011. lists 24,302 instances of inch (es) compared to 1548 instances of centimeter (s) and 1343 instances of millimeter (s).
- ↑ Weights and Measures Act 37 (1985). Date of treatment January 11, 2018.
- ↑ Weights and Measures Act 2 (1 August 2014). Date of treatment December 18, 2014. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are added pursuant to subparagraph 6 (1) (b) (ii).
- ↑ 1 2 Guidance Note on the use of Metric Units of Measurement by the Public Sector (inaccessible link) . UK: Department for Business Innovation and Skills (2007). Date of treatment December 12, 2014. Archived December 12, 2012.
- ↑ The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002 - No. 3113 - Schedule 2 - Regulatory Signs . UK: The National Archives (2002). Date of appeal April 25, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 “Nominal Pipe Size” and DN - “Diamètre Nominal” . EngineeringToolbox.com. - “Pipes are designated by“ nominal ”or“ trade ”names, which are loosely related to actual sizes. For example, the inner diameter of a two-inch galvanized steel pipe is about 2⅛ inches, and its outer diameter is about 2⅝ inches.
In plumbing, the size of the pipe is characterized by its conditional passage - NPS or “nominal pipe diameter”. The metric equivalent is called DN or FR. diamètre nominal . Metric designations are in accordance with the practice of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and apply to all pipes for the water supply network, natural gas, heating oil and various pipes used in buildings. ” Date of treatment April 9, 2012. Archived May 27, 2012. - ↑ See also: Nominal Pipe Size (eng.)
- ↑ 1 2 3 GOST 3262-75 Steel pipes for water and gas. Technical conditions . Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology. - "This standard applies to non-galvanized and galvanized steel welded pipes with threaded or rolled cylindrical thread and without thread, used for water and gas pipelines, heating systems, as well as for parts of water and gas structures." Date of treatment April 10, 2012. Archived June 22, 2012.
Links
- Petrushevsky F.F. Tables for translating metric (decimal) measures into Russian and Russian into metric // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.