Kereyday [1] , Kerabetai [2] , better known under the Tangut title Jaha-Gambu (Zhakha-Gambu, Jakambu; Mong. Jaha Khambu ) - the younger brother of the Kereite khan Tooril ( Van Khan ). Like the descendants of Tooril, the descendants of the Jaha-Gambu played a significant role in the history of the Mongol Empire . So, his youngest daughter Sorkhakhtani-beki was given as a wife to Toluy , the youngest son of Temujin-Genghis Khan ; her children were Mengu and Khubilai , who later became the khans of the Mongol Empire, Khulag - the ilkhan and the founder of the Khulaguid dynasty, who ruled the Iranian ilkhanate in Asia Minor, and Arig-Bug - the rival of Khubilai in the struggle for the Mongol throne. The other daughter of Jaha-Gambu, Biktutmish-Fujin, was married off as the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Jochi .
Content
Biography
In addition to Tooril, Jaha-Gambu also had brothers Erke-Hara, Tai-Timur-Taishi and Buka-Timur. After the death of their father, Khurdzhakus Buyuruk-khan Tooril was sent to the borders of the state with an order to rule there. However, when Tai-Timur-Taishi and Buka-Timur took the place of Khurdjakus, Tooril killed the brothers, thus capturing the Kereite throne. Erke Hara fled to the Naiman tribe and later with their support managed to overthrow his brother; only with the help of the Mongol leader Esugei, Tooril managed to restore power [2] [3] .
Later, together with Tooril and his sister ( anda ) Jamuha, Jaha-Gambu rendered military assistance to the son of the deceased Yesugei Temujin, whose bride, Borte , was abducted by the Merkit tribe. Jaha-Gamba and Tooril fired one tumene each (10,000 warriors), two Jamuhs [4] , and in a battle between the rivers Chikoy and Khilok and Selenga, the combined army defeated the Merkits, and Borte was returned from captivity [5] .
Soon after the campaign between Dzhamuha and Temujin, cooling began, and the latter migrated from the former twin [6] . In 1201, part of the Mongol tribes united around Dzhamuha and proclaimed him a gurkhan . Temujin (who had already taken the title of Genghis Khan at that time) and Tooril decided to jointly oppose Jamuha; several people from among the relatives and associates of both khans, including the Jakha-Gambu, were equipped for reconnaissance. Scouts led troops to the Koyten area south of the Kerulen River , and during the battle the army of Jamuhi was defeated [7] .
According to the Secret Legend of the Mongols , after the defeat of Jamuqi, Jah-Gamba arrived to Chinggiskhan “in a company of comrades,” and by common forces they repelled the Merkit attack; at the same time, several Kereite clans obeyed the khan [3] [8] . At the same time, relations between Tooril and Jaha Gambu worsened, and the latter held a meeting with some of his noyons , thinking about how to deal with his brother. However, one of the noyons, Altun-Ashukh, reported on what had happened to Tooril. Tooril ordered all the conspirators to be taken into custody, and only Jaha-Gambu managed to escape to the Naiman ruler, Tayan Khan [1] [9] .
After the defeat of Van Khan in 1203, Genghis Khan divided the Kereites between his nukers . Only the Jaha Gambu family was not ravaged; Thus, Genghis Khan took his eldest daughter, Ibaha-beki , as his wife, and the youngest, Sorkhakhtani, married Toluy for his son [10] . Despite this, later, Jah-Gamba rebelled and left Chingizkhan, for which he was captured and killed by one of the Nukers of Khan Churchedai [1] [11] .
Family
According to The Secret Legend, the Jaha-Gambu had two daughters - Ibaha-begi and Sorkhakhtani-beki . However, Rashid ad-Din in his work " Jami at-tawarih " calls the four daughters of Jaha-Gambu:
- Ibaha-begi (Abike-begi) - at first one of the wives of Genghis Khan, later was issued for Churchedai as a sign of gratitude for his services [11] ;
- Biktutmish-fujin - the wife of Jochi ;
- Sorkhakhtani-beki - the wife of Toluya , the mother of Khubilai , Mengu , Khulagu and Arig-boogie .
The name of the fourth daughter of Jaha Gambu is unknown. According to the story given in the Jami at-tavarih, she was married to the ruler of the Onguts [2] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Rashid ad-Din. Collection of annals .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Rashid ad-Din. Collection of annals .
- ↑ 1 2 Concealed Legend of the Mongols § 150 .
- ↑ Secret legend. §§ 107-108 .
- ↑ Secret legend. §§ 109-111 .
- ↑ Secret History of the Mongols § 118 .
- ↑ Secret History of the Mongols §§ 141-142 .
- ↑ Lubsan Danzan. Altan Tobchi. Golden legend. Translation by N.P. Shastina / Rumyantsev G.N. - Moscow: Nauka, 1973.- 440 p.
- ↑ Concealed Legend of the Mongols § 152 .
- ↑ Secret State of the Mongols § 186 .
- ↑ 1 2 Concealed Legend of the Mongols §208 .
Sources
- Lubsan Danzan. Altan Tobchi. Golden legend. Translation by N.P. Shastina / Rumyantsev G.N. - Moscow: Nauka, 1973.- 440 p.
- Mongolian Ordinary Izbornik // Secret Tale. The Mongolian Chronicle of 1240 Yuan Chao BI Shi. / Translation by S. A. Kozin . - M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1941.
- Rashid ad-Din . Collection of annals / Translated from Persian by L. A. Khetagurov, edited and notes by Professor A. A. Semenov. - M., L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. - T. 1, book. one.
- Rashid ad-Din . Collection of annals / Translation from Persian O. I. Smirnova, edited by Professor A. A. Semenov. - M., L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. - T. 1, book. 2
- Translations from "Yuan Shi" (fragments) // Khrapachevsky R. P. Military power of Genghis Khan. - M .: AST: LUX, 2005. - ISBN 5-17-027916-7 .
Bibliography
- Maine, John. Khubilai: From Xanadu to a superpower. - Moscow-Vladimir, 2008. - ISBN 978-5-17-050702-3 .
- Kychanov E.I.Life of Temujin, who thought to conquer the world. Genghis Khan: personality and era. - M .: Publ. the company "Eastern Literature", 1995. - 274 p. - 20 000 copies - ISBN 5-02-017390-8 .
- Igor de Rachewiltz. The Secret History of the Mongols. A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century translated with a historical and philological commentary . - Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004 .-- Vol. one.