Kushma ( Mold. Kushme, cușmă , rum. Cușmă, cujmă, căciulă, moțată , Hungarian. Kucsma , Ukrainian Kuchma ) - a winged ( sheep ) hat of conical or cylindrical shape.
Distributed in Ukraine , Moldova , Romania and Hungary , it is worn in our days mainly by older people, and is also sold as a souvenir. In Bulgaria , Serbia, and Northern Macedonia, caps of a similar shape are called shubar mi or kalpak ami ( Serbian shubara, šubara , bulg. Kalpak ).
Content
Etymology
The name of the cap probably comes from Turkic Koshma (sheep’s wool) or Russian and Ukrainian “ Kuchma ”, which in turn comes from Hungarian kucsma . The word căciulă comes from the Albanian kësulë .
The surname Kuchma comes from the Ukrainian name of the cap, the most famous carrier of which is the second president of Ukraine Leonid Danilovich .
Production and varieties
Kushma is made from sheep’s wool , most often sheared. Most often, gray or black wool is used, less often brown [1] .
In Moldova, Kushma has a conical shape, tapering to the top. In Romania, Hungary and Ukraine, Kuchma has a cylindrical shape and looks more like a hat . Romanians Banata and Oltenia , as well as Serbian Vlachs, wear kushma with unshaven hair. In Maramuresh, Kushma consists of a round top and cylindrical fields, which makes it more reminiscent of a hat or Russian murmur . South Slavic shubars in many regions are worn, pressing the top to the bottom edge, which gives a rather specific look.
In the early to mid-20th century, Kushma / Shubara became part of the winter military uniform in Romania , Bulgaria , Serbia , and then in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Last but not least, the Chetniks , who adopted it from their everyday clothes, played the role of promoting Shubar in the Serbian army [2] .
Also, Kuchmas were part of the uniform of the Hungarian hussars . In the Russian Empire, Kuchma was part of the uniform of the hussars until 1803, after which it was replaced by a shako . In France, Kuchma, called " kolbak " was a hallmark of Napoleon's army .
In Culture
- Kushma is an indispensable attribute of Guguta , the character of Moldavian children's books authored by Spiridon Wangeli . A cake resembling kushma in shape was named in his honor [1] .
- Zdob 2011i Zdub came to Eurovision 2011 as a participant from Moldova, performing in huge and very high kummies, thereby astonishing the audience [1] .
Gallery
Peasant in Kushma, Moldavian SSR , 1980s
Romanian carollers in traditional clothes.
Abram Yanku , on his head is a Transylvanian variety of kushma.
Romanian peasants, 1939
Romanian immigrants to the USA.
Hungarian shepherds
Bandurist Gnat Khotkevich in Kuchma
Serbian peasant in Shubar, cover of L'Illustration magazine , 1915
Governor of the Chetniks Miroslav Trifunovich in a shubar.
Chetnik Lyubomir Jovanovic in Shubar